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THE 



tranter 8 (HtuUe 



HAMPTON COURT PALACE 



GARDENS. 



By JOHN GRUNDY. 




*#* The authorized and correct Copies of the Guides 
and Catalogues are to be obtained only in the Great 
Hall and King's Guard Chamber. 



LONDON: 
BELL AND DALDY, 186, FLEET STREET. 



1857. 



The State Apartments are open to the public on every 
day of the week, except Friday, when they are closed for 
the purpose of being cleaned. The hours are from 10 o'clock 
in the morning until 6 o'clock in the evening, from the 1st of 
April to the 1st of October, and the remainder of the year 
from 10 until 4. 

The Vine, in the Private Garden, and the Maze, in the 
Wilderness, are open every day until sunset ; for these a small 
fee is required by the Gardeners who show them. 

The Inns at Hampton Court are — The King's Arms, the 
Greyhound, the Mitre, and the Cardinal Wolsey. 






Cfte stranger's <BuiHt 

TO 

HAMPTON COURT PALACE 



Hampton Court Palace stands on the northern bank of 
the Thames, about twelve miles due west from Hyde Park 
Corner, and is situated in the parish of Hampton, in the 
hundred of Spelthorne, and county of Middlesex. Hampton 
manor is mentioned in Doomsday Book as then held by a 
Walter de St. Walaric, but in the time of Edward the Con- 
fessor it had belonged to an Earl Algar, and its value even 
then was estimated at forty pounds per annum. In 1211, 
Joan Lady Grey, relict of a Sir Robert Grey, of Hampton^ 
left by her will the whole manor and manor-house of Hampton 
to the Knights-Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. 

The legend of the parish states, " that Cardinal Wolsey, 
at the summit of his power, was desirous of building a palace 
suitable to his rank : but he was equally desirous of enjoying 
health and long life, and employed the most eminent phy- 
sicians in England, and even called in the aid of learned, 
doctors from Padua, to select the most healthy spot within 
twenty miles of London." After a minute inspection, the 
doctors, it is said, agreed in reporting that the parish of 
Hampton was the most healthy soil, and the springs in 
Coombe Wood the purest water, within the limits assigned 
for their researches. The Cardinal, upon the faith of their 
report, bargained with the Prior of St. John's for a lease of 
this manor and manor-house. The following is a copy of 
the lease from the Prior of St. John of Jerusalem to Car- 
dinal Wolsey, from the Cottonian Manuscript in the British 
Museum, extracted from the Gentleman's Magazine for 
January, 1834: — 

" This Indenture made between Sir Thomas Docwra, priour of the 
hospitall of Seynt John Jerusalem, in England, and his bredern knights 
of the same hospitall upon that oone partie, and the moost reverend 
fader in god Thomas Wulcy Archebisshop of Yorke and primate of 
England upon that other partie, Witnessith that the said priour and his 
bredern with theire hole assent and auctorite of their Chapitur, have 
graunted and letten to fferme to the said Archebusshop, their manor of 
Hampton courte, in the countie of Midd. with all landes and tenementes, 
medowes, lesnes, and pastures, rentes, and services, vewe of ffranciplegis, 
perquesites of courts, ffisshing and ffisshing weres, and with the waren of 

B 2 



4 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

conys, and with all manner proufites and commodites and otlier thinges 
what so ever they be in any manner of wise to the forseid manor 
belonging or apperteigning. To have and to holde the foreseid manor 
with the appurtenaunces to the foreseid most Reverend ffader in god 
Thomas Wulcy Archbisshop of Yorke, and to his assignes, ffro the fFest 
of the Nativite of Saint John Baptist last past before the date herof 
unto thend and terme of lxxxxix yeres than next Mowing, and fully to 
be ended, yielding and paying therfor yerely to the seid priour and his 
successours in the tresoury of there hous of seynt Johns of Clarkenwell 
beside London, fifty poundes sterling at the fFestes of the purification of 
our Lady and of Seynt Barnabe thappostle, by even porcions. And also 
payeing and supporting all manner of charges ordinary and extraordinary 
due and goying oute of the seid manor, with the appurtenances during 
the seid terme. And the seid Archebusshop and his assignes yerely 
during the said terme, shal have allowaunce of the seid priour and his 
successours in the paymentes of the rent and ferme of fifty poundes 
aforeseid iiij 1 '. xiij s . iiij d . sterling, at the ffestes aforeseid, by even por- 
tions, towards and for the exhibition of a preste for to mynister divine 
service within the Chapell of the seid manor. And the seid priour and 
his brethern for them and their successours graunten the seid Archebus- 
shop and his assignes yerely during the seid terme shalhave and take at 
their libertie foure loades of woode and tymber able for pyles for the 
reparation and sustentacion of the were called Hampton were, the same 
woodes and tymber to be felled and conveyed at the costes of the said 
Archebusshop and of his assignes in and fro Seynt Johns woode in the 
seid countie of Midd. Also it is agreed that the seid Archebusshop and 
his assignes at their libertie at all tymes during the seid terme shall take 
downe, alter, transpose, chaunge, make, and new byeld at theire propre 
costes any howses, walles, mootes, diches, warkis, or other thinges 
within or aboute the seid manour of hamptoncourte, with the appurte- 
naunces, without empechement of wast and without any payne or 
punysshment to be or ensue to the seid Archebusshop and his assignes 
during the seid terme. And the seid Archebusshop and his assignes 
shall bere all manner of i*eparacions of the seid manour with the appur- 
tenaunces during the seid terme, and in thend of the seid terme all the 
same shall leve to the seid priour and bredern and to theire successours 
sufficiently repared. Furthermore the seid Archebusshop and his 
■assignes shall leve the seid priour and his successours m 5 . couple of 
conys in the waren of the seid manour, or elles for every couple that 
shall want iiij d . And moreover the seid priour and his bredren graunten 
that the seid Archebusshop and his assignes shalhave and occupie during 
the seid terme all suche parcells as be conteyned upon the bak of this 
endenture, and in thend of the same terme all the same shall leve and 
delyver to the seid priour and his successours, or the value of the same. 
And if it happen the seid yerely fferme or rent of l h . during the seid 
terme of lxxxxix yeres, to be behynde and not payed in part or in the 
hole after eny terme of payment beforspecified which it ought to be paid 
by the space of two hole yeres, that then it shalbe lawful to the seid 
priour and his successours to re-enter into the same manour and othre 
the premisses dimised, and theym to have ay en as in their first and 
pristinat estate, this endenture or any thing therin conteigned notwith- 
standyng. And the seid priour and his bredren promitte and graunte for 
theym and theire successours, and theym bynde by thies presentes to 
the seid Archebisshop, that when so ever the seid Archebisshop or his 
assignes at any oone tyme within the terme of this present leas shal! 
come to the seid priour and his bredren, or to their successoures, and 
demaunde to have a newe graunte and leese of the saide manour of 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. O 

hamptoncourt with thappurtenances to theym to be graunted under 
their coalmen seale of the seid hospitall for the terme of other lxxxxix 
yeres next ensuying this present terme, that then the seid priour and 
his bredren no we being or their successours than for tyme beyng for 
that oone tyme shall graunte and make a newe leesse of the seid manor 
of hamptoncourt with the appurtenances to the seid Archebisshop and to 
his assignes under the common seale of the seid hospitall for the terme. 
of ochre lxxxxix yeres after the forme, tenour, and eflfecte of the seid 
ooveuauntes and agrementes conteyned in this present endenture, the sub- 
staunce therof in nowise chaunged nor mynyshed. And at the delyverie 
of the same new endenture this endenture to be cancelled if it shall then 
rest and be in the keping of the seid Archebisshop or his assignes. And 
if the said endenture fortune to be lost and be not in the keping of the 
seid Archebisshop or his assignes, nor in the kepyng of any person to 
ilieir uses, then the seid Archebisshop or his assignes, before the seid 
newe graunte or lease to be made, shall surrendre and so promytte by 
thies presences to surrendre all suche title and interest as they or any of 
theym have, or may have, by reason of this formar lease at all tymes 
after suche surrendre and newe lesse made utterly to be voide and of no 
eifecte. In witnesse wherof to the oone part of thies presente endenturs 
towardes the seid Archebusshop remaynyng, the seid priour and his 
bredren have put their comon seale. And to that othre part of the game 
endenturs towards the seid priour and his bredren remaynyng the seid 
Archebusshop hath put his seale. Yeven in our Chapitur holden in oure 
kotise of seynt Johns of Ciarkenwell beside London, the xj Ul day of 
Januarie in the yere of our lord god a thousand fyve hundreth and four- 
tene, the sixt yere of the reigne of our soveraigne lord king Henry the 
eight. 

;< In the Chapel, First, a chalesse of silver, a pix of copur for the 
sacrament, ij alter clothes, a corporaxe, ij caudlestikes of laton, a masse- 
booke, a porteux, a pewterbotil for wyne, a crewet of pewter, a crosse of 
tynne, a paxbrede of tree, an alter clothe of whyte and blue lyke unto 
armyn, an ymage cf our lord of tree, an ymage of our lady of tree, an 
ymage of saint John, an ymage of saint Nicholas, an ymage of the crosse 
paynted on a borde, ij alterclothes, ij pewes with a chest of wynscott, an 
holy waterstok of laton with a stryngel of laton, ij bells in the towre, 
one of them broken. Of bedsteddin in all xx u , ii towrned ckyars. — In 
the parlour, a table of Estriche bourde with ij tristells. — In the hauls, ij 
rabies doi-mant, and oon long table with ij tristells, a close cupbourde, 
iiij fourmes, iiij barres of yron about the harthe. — In the kechen, a pot 
of bras cont v galons, a cadron sett in the fournace cont xx galons, a 
spyt of yron, ij awndyrons, a trevet, ij morters of marbil, a cawdron of 
iij galons di. a stomer of laton, a flesshehoke, a frying pan, ij pailes, u 
barre of iron in the kechen to hange on pottes, a grete salting troughe, a 
steping fatte, an heire of the kyln of xxiij yerdes, ij grete bynnes in 
the kechyn, a bynne in the buttry, a knedyng troghe. — In the stable, a 
pitchfork, a dongfork. A presse in the towrechambre, a jjreat coffar in 
oon of the towre chambres ; a parclosse in the towre, a parcloae in the 
parloure." 

Thomas Wolsey was born at Ipswich, in Suffolk, in JYIarcn, 
1471. He was descended, according- to some of our best 
historians, from poor but honest parents, and the common 
tradition is, that .he was the son of a butcher; though it 
appears from his father's wil!, that be had an estate, which 
in the possession of a plebeian at that time was very con- 



6 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

siderable. He was sent so early to the university of Oxford, 
that he was Bachelor of Arts at fourteen years of age, and 
from thence was called the Boy Bachelor. Soon after he 
was elected Fellow of Magdalen College, and when Master 
of Arts, had the care of the school adjoining to that college 
committed to him, where he was charged with the education 
of three sons of Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, who pre- 
sented him to the rectory of Lymington, into which he was 
instituted on the 10th of October, 1500. He had not long 
resided on this benefice, before Sir Amias Pawlet, a justice 
of the peace, set him in the stocks for being drunk, as it 
is said, and making a disturbance at a fair in the neighbour- 
hood. But the knight had reason afterwards to repent of 
this affront, for when Wolsey was made Lord Chancellor, he 
sent for him, and after a severe expostulation, confined him 
for five or six years in the Temple, before he would grant him 
a discharge. Upon the death of his patron, the Marquis, he 
projected some new method of pushing his fortune, and ac- 
cordingly procured himself to be admitted into the family of 
Henry Dean, Archbishop of Canterbury ; but that prelate 
dying in February, 1502, he found means of applying him- 
self to Sir John Nanfan, treasurer of Calais, who being 
weakened by age and other infirmities, committed the direc- 
tion of his post to Wolsey, who by his recommendation was 
made one of the King's chaplains; and in 1506, was in- 
stituted to the rectory of Redgrave, in the diocese of Nor- 
wich. Upon the accession of Henry VIII. to the crown, he 
soon recommended himself to the favour of the young king, 
by adapting himself to his temper and inclinations; shortly 
after the attainder of Sir Richard Empson, the king conferred 
on him a grant of several lands and tenements, in the parish 
of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, which by that knight's forfeiture 
devolved to the crown. This grant is dated October 18th, 
1509, and Wolsey is mentioned in it as counsellor and al- 
moner to his Majesty. November 28th, 1510, he was pre- 
sented by the King to the rectory of Torrington, in the 
diocese of Exeter, being then Bachelor of Divinity ; and on 
the 17th of February following, was made canon of Windsor, 
and about that time, registrary of the order of the Garter. 
In 1512, he was preferred by Archbishop Bambridge to the 
prebend of Bugthorp, in the church of York, of which, in 
February following, he was made dean. In 1513, he at- 
tended the King in his expedition to France, who committed 
to him the direction of the supplies and provisions to be 
made for the army; and upon the taking of Tournay, made 
him bishop of that city, and not long after Bishop of Lincoln, 
to which see he was nominated March 11th, 1614, and No- 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 7 

vember the 6th following, upon the death of Cardinal Bam- 
bridge, he was translated to the Archbishopric of York, 
September 7th, 1515, he was made Cardinal of St. Cecily, 
by the interest of the two Kings of England and France, 
and on the 22nd of December, Lord Chancellor of England. 
He wanted nothing now to complete his grandeur but a 
commission from the Pope to be Legate, a latere, which was 
expedited to him in the year 1516. Besides the profits of 
the posts above mentioned, the King likewise bestowed on 
him the rich abbey of St. Alban's in commendam, and the 
Bishopric of Durham, and afterwards that of Winchester ; 
and with them he held in farm the Bishoprics of Bath, Wor- 
cester, and Hereford, enjoyed by foreign incumbents. From 
all these preferments, and the numerous presents and pen- 
sions, which he received from foreign princes, his annual 
income exceeded the revenues of the Crown. He had now 
absolutely engrossed the King's favour to himself. All 
foreign treaties and places of trust at home were under his 
direction. He acted as he pleased, and his ascendancy over 
the King was such, that there never appeared any party 
against him all the time of his favour. He used the most 
insinuating artifices to secure his master to himself, under- 
taking to ease him of the burden of government, and to 
give him all the satisfaction of it. He was the most earnest 
and readiest of all the council to advance the King's sole 
will and intention: and whereas others advised his Ma- 
jesty to leave his pleasures, and attend his affairs, the 
Cardinal persuaded him to what was most agreeable to his in- 
clinations. Having gained this ascendancy, he drew the King 
into such measures abroad, that the balance of Europe was 
destroyed, and his Majesty perpetually made the bubble of 
those with whom, and for whom he negotiated; the Cardinal's 
avarice being fed, and his ambition flattered by the Emperor, 
the court of France, and that of Rome in their turns. With 
regard to the conduct of affairs at home, he affected to govern 
without parliaments, there being from the seventh year of 
the King's reign, after which he got the Great Seal, but one 
parliament in the fourteenth and fifteenth years, and no 
more until the twenty-first. He raised great sums by loans 
and benevolences. If we consider him in his character 
as a churchman, he was undoubtedly the disgrace of his 
profession, being lewd and vicious himself, and serving the 
King in all his secret pleasures. His pride and osten- 
tation were unbounded, and his ambition and covetous- 
ness in proportion. He aspired to the popedom upon the 
deaths of Leo X. and Adrian VI. but without success. At 
last he fell under the King's displeasure. His too great 



*& GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

obsequiousness to the see of Rome, in the process relating 
to the King's divorce from Queen Catharine, and some 
inferior accidents, concurred to destroy his interest with 
his Majesty. Upon this the Great Seal was demanded 
of him on the 28th of October, 1529, his goods were all 
seized for the King's use, and himself impeached in Parlia- 
ment by a charge of forty-four articles, relating chiefly to 
*he exercise of his legatine power contrary to law, and the 
scandalous irregularities of his life. This impeachment 
passed the House of Lords ; but when it came to the House 
of Commons, it was so effectually defeated by the industry 
and address of Thomas Cromwell, who had been his servant, 
that no treason could be fixed upon him. He continued in 
his retirement at Esher, in Surrey, until about Easter, 1530, 
when he was ordered to repair to his diocese of York, where 
he performed many charitable and popular acts, until, in the 
beginning of November following, he was arrested for high 
treason by the Earl of Northumberland, and committed to 
the custody of the Lieutenant of the Tower, who had orders 
to bring him to London. This disgrace affected his mind to 
such a degree, that he fell sick at Sheffield, in the Earl of 
Shrewsbury's house, from whence, by slow degrees, he went 
as far as Leicester, where he is said to have taken poison, in 
order to put an end to his miserable life. In his last agony 
he regretted that he had not served God with the same 
tidelity he had always used towards his royal master, and 
died on the 29th of November, 1530, and was interred in 
the Abbey of Leicester. He was the greatest instance many 
ages had produced, of the vanity and inconstancy of 
human things, both in his rise and fall. By his temper in 
both it appears that he was unworthy of his greatness, and 
deserved what he suffered. However, a great writer de- 
clares, that few ever fell from so high a station with fewer 
crimes charged against them. And it must be acknow- 
ledged, that his schemes for the promotion of learning were 
noble and well laid : as appears from the seven lectures . 
which he founded at Oxford, by his college there, now Chrisi - 
church, and his school at Ipswich. 

Cardinal Wolsey, the illustrious founder of this ancient 
palace, was the last of the churchmen of old whose mu- 
nificence patronised that style of building, which, origi- 
nating with the ecclesiastics, seemed to end in his fall. 
This prelate, like many of his predecessors, had studied the 
science of architecture, and is supposed to have furnished 
the designs for Hampton Court, the building of which com- 
menced about 1515, under the superintendence of the Warder* 
of the Cinque Ports, who supplied the Cardinal with all the 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 9 

necessary expenses for building this most splendid palace. 
When finished, the building was in so magnificent a style, 
that it began, as Stowe remarks, " to excite great envy at 
Court."* The King, therefore, took occasion to question the 
Cardinal as to his intentions in building a palace that far 
surpassed any of the royal palaces in England ; but Wolsey 
replied, '* that he was only trying to form a residence worthy 
of so great a monarch," and that Hampton Court Palace was 
the property of King Henry V11L, which " gained him much 
favour." In return for the present of Hampton Court, Henry 
VIII. bestowed upon Wolsey the manor of Richmond, an old 
and favourite residence of Henry VII., and with Henry in the 
early part of his reign. It was particularly galling to the 
ancient servants of Henry VII. to see the recent habitation of 
their sovereign occupied by one whom they considered as an 
upstart, and they joined in the popular outcry against Wolsey. 
concerning whom it was remarked, that strange things had 
come to pass since a " bocher's dog should live in the manor 
of Richmond." This palace became the property of Henry 
in 1526, and in 1538 an Act of Parliament was passed fe.. 
making a royal chase; this chase was made, '■' that the King, 
then old and corpulent, might enjoy his favourite amusement 
of hunting, without the fatigue of going far from home." It 
comprehends within its jurisdiction the manors of Walton- 
upon-Thames, Walton Legh, Byflete, Wey bridge, West and 
East Moulsey, Sandon, Weston, I m worth, and Esher, Oat- 
lands house and demesnes, all the county of Surrey, together 
with the manors of Hampton, Hanworth, Kennington, Felt- 
ham, and Teddington, in the county of Middlesex. The 
whole was enclosed with a wooden paling; but after the 
death of Henry this Act was repealed, the paling removed, 
and the deer conveyed to Windsor. In 1540, the manor oi 
Hampton Court was converted into an Honour. The office 
of Chief Steward of the Honour has been always held with 
that of Lieutenant and Keeper of the Chase, and they have 

* Wolsey, when at the height of his power, could not escape the lash 
of the satirist ; for we find John Skelton, a poet of that day, styled r>v 
Erasmus, " Britanniarum Lilerarum lumen et detim," in reference to 
this palace, telling the people that — 
" The kynges court 

Should have the excellence ! 

But Hampton- Court 

Hath the pre-eminence ; 

And Yorkes place, 

With my Lordes grace, 

To whose magnificence 

Is all the confluence, 

States and applications. 

Embassies ot fliH nations »' 



10 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

always been granted to some of the first nobility or chief fa- 
vourites of the Court. Sir Anthony Browne, Sir Michael 
Stanhope, William Marquis of Northampton, Charles Earl of 
Nottingham, and George Duke of Buckingham, held these 
offices in succession, previously to 1628, when Christopher 
Villiers, Earl of Anglesey, was appointed. On his death, in 
1630, a grant was made to James Marquis (afterwards Duke) 
of Hamilton ; Thomas Smitherly, Keeper of the Privy Seal to 
Cromwell, and Nathaniel Waterhouse, Esq., appear to have 
held these offices under his Protectorate. General Monk, 
Duke of Albemarle, was appointed by Charles II. in 1660. 
After his death they were bestowed upon Barbara Duchess 
of Cleveland, who held them in the name of her trustee, 
William Young, Esq. The Duchess dying in 1709, they 
were granted to Charles Earl of Halifax, and, under renewed 
grants, were held by George Earl of Halifax, his nephew, 
who died in 1771. They were then granted for life to Anne 
Lady North, afterwards Countess of Guildford; upon whose 
death, in January 1797, they were given by George III. to 
his Royal Highness William Henry Duke of Clarence ; upon 
whose accession to the Throne they were given to the late 
Queen Dowager Adelaide. Wolsey lived here in more than 
regal state : this was his principal country residence, but he 
had also a house at App's Court,* and a palace at Esher,f 
belonging to the See at Winchester, to which place he was 
ordered by the King after his disgrace; he had another 
palace, York Place, his town residence, no less magnificent, 
and which he almost entirely rebuilt. " He lived a long 
season," says his biographer, who was of his household, 
" ruling all things in this realm appertaining to the King, 
and all matters of foreign regions. The ambassadors of fo- 
reign potentates were entirely disposed of by him." In the 
plenitude of his power, being Archbishop of York, Cardinal 
of Cecily, and Lord High Chancellor ot England, he retained 
no less than eight hundred persons in his suite. In his hall 
Its maintained three boards, with three several officers ; a 
steward, who was a priest; a treasurer, who was a knight; and 
a comptroller, who was an esquire ; also a confessor, a doctor, 
three marshals, three ushers of the halls, and two almoners 
and grooms. In the hall kitchen, were two clerks, a clerk- 
comptroller, and surveyor of the dresser, a clerk of the 

* Wolsey's country house at App's Court has long disappeared ; but 
a dove-cote and the wall of his preserve, with some trees planted by him- 
self, still remain to mark where he took his pleasure. 

f This stately structure, situate on the bank of the River Mole, was 
built by William Wainfleet, who was consecrated Bishop of Winchester 
in 1447, and probably by him annexed to that See. 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 11 

spicery, also two cooks with assistant labourers and children 
turnspits — twelve persons ; four men of the scullery, two 
yeomen of the pastry, and two paste-layers under them. In 
his own kitchen was a master-cook, who was attired daily in 
velvet or satin, and wore a gold chain ; under whom were 
two cooks and six assistants. In the larder, a yeoman and 
a groom ; in the scullery, a yeoman and two grooms ; in the 
buttery, two yeomen and two grooms; in the ewry, two yeo- 
men and two grooms ; in the cellar, three yeomen and three 
pages ; in the chandry, two yeomen ; in the wafery, two yeo- 
men ; in the wardrobe of the dormitory, the master of the 
wardrobe and twenty different officers ; in the laundry, a 
yeoman, groom, and thirteen pages, two yeomen purveyors, 
and a groom purveyor; in the bake-house, two yeomen and 
two grooms ; in the wood-yard, one yeoman and a groom ; 
in the barn, one yeoman ; at the gate, two yeomen and two 
grooms ; a yeoman in his barge, and a master of his horse ; 
a clerk of the stables, and a yeoman of the same ; a farrier 
and a yeoman of the stirrup ; a maltster and sixteen grooms ; 
every one keeping four horses. In his great chamber and in 
his privy chamber were the chief chamberlain, a vice-cham- 
berlain, and two gentlemen ushers ; there were also six gen- 
tlemen waiters and twelve yeomen waiters ; at the head of 
these, who ministered to the state of this mighty prelate, 
were nine or ten lords, with each their two or three servants, 
and one had five. There were also gentlemen cup-bearers, 
gentlemen carvers, and of sewers, both chambers, forty per- 
sons ; besides six yeomen ushers, and eight grooms of his 
chamber. In addition to these, were in attendance upon his 
table, twelve doctors and chaplains, the clerk of the closets, 
two secretaries, two clerks of the signet, and four counsellors 
learned in the law. He also retained a riding clerk, a clerk 
of the crown, a clerk of the hamper, and a chaffer, a clerk of 
the cheque for the chaplains, and another for the yeomen of 
the chamber; fourteen footmen "garnished with rich riding- 
coats." He had a herald-at-arms, a sergeant-at-arms, a 
physician, an apothecary, four minstrels, a keeper of his 
tents, an armourer, an instructor of his wards, an instructor 
of his wardrobe, and a keeper of his chamber, also a surveyor 
of York, with his assistants. All these were in daily attend- 
ance, for whom were continually provided, eight tables for 
the chamberlains and gentlemen officers, and two other 
tables, one for the young lords, and another for the sons of 
gentlemen who were in his suite, all of whom were attended 
by their own servants, in numbers proportioned to their re- 
spective ranks. The banquets and masques, so prevalent in 
the age of Henry VIII., were nowhere more magnificently 



12 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

ordered than at Hampton Court ; hence the vast establish- 
ment of the Cardinal was not too extensive for the accommo- 
dation of the numerous guests that frequently were entertained 
at his festive board. The picturesque description of one of 
these leasts, written by the gentleman-usher of the Cardinal . 
conveys so lively a picture of the romantic spirit of the six- 
teenth century, that it is due to the ancient hospitality oi 
Hampton Court Palace, to insert it in this history. Thip 
banquet was provided by the Lord Cardinal, at the command 
of the King, for the French ambassadors, who arrived »to 
confirm the tripartite union of peace between the Emperoi 
the King of France, and the King of England. This embassy . 
to pay all imaginable respect to the pageant-loving King 
Henry, was composed of " eight persons, all of the noblest 
and most worthy gentlemen in all France," with their nume- 
rous retinue. 

" Then was there made great preparations (says the Private Secretary 
of all things for this great assembly at Hampton Court ; the Cardinal 
called before him his principal officers, as steward, treasurer, controller . 
and clerk of his kitchen , to whom he declared his mind touching the en- 
tertainment of the Frenchmen at Hampton Court, commanding them 
neither to spare for any cost, expense, oi* travayle, to make such a 
triumphant banquet as they might not onlf, wonder at it here, but also 
make a glorious report of it in their country, to the great honour of the 
king and his realm. To accomplish his commandment they sent out 
caters, purveiors, and divers other persons, my Lord's friends, to make 
preparation ; also they sent for all the expert cookes, and connying per- 
sons in the art of cookerie which were within London or elsewhere that 
might be gotton to beautify this noble feast ; the purveiors provided., 
and my Lord's friends sent in such provision as one would wonder to 
have seen. The cookes wrought both day and night with suttleties and 
many crafty devices, where lacked neither gold, sylver, nor other costly 
thing meet for their purpose ; the yeomen and groomes of the wardrobe 
were busied in hanging of the chambers, and furnishing the same with 
beds of silk and other furniture in every degree. Then my Lord Cardi- 
nal sent me (Mr. Cavendish), being his gentleman-usher, with two othei 
of my fellows thither, to foresee all things touching our rooms to be nobh 
garnyshed ; accordingly our pains were not small nor light, but daih 
travelling up and down from chamber to chamber : then wrought the 
•arpenters, joiners, masons, and all other artificers necessary to be had 
to glorify this noble feast. There was carriage and re-carriage of plate, 
stuff, and other rich implements, so that there was nothing lacking thai 
vould be imagined or devised for the purpose. There was also provided 
two hundred and eighty beds furnished with all manner of furniture to 
them belonging, too long particularly to be rehearsed, but all wise me;, 
do sufficiently know what belongeth to the furniture thereof, and that is 
sufficient at this time to be said. The day was come to the Frenchmen 
assigned, and they ready assembled before the hour of their appointment : 
wherefore the officers caused them to ride to Hanworth, a place and 
parke of the Kinges, within three miles, there to hunt and spend the 
•lay until night, at which time they returned again to Hampton Court, 
and every of then', was conveyed to their several chambers, having in 
them great fires, and wine to their comfort and relief, remaining there" 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON CUUKT. I ' 

untill their supper was ready. The chamber where they supped and 
banquetted was hanged with rich arras as all other were, and furnished 
with tall yeomen to serve. There were set tables round about the 
chambers banquet-wise covered ; a cupboard was there garnished with 
white plate, having also in the same chamber, to give the more light, 
tour great plates of syiver set with great lights, and a great fire of woon 
and coales. The next chamber, being the chamber of presence, was 
hanged with very rich arras, and a sumptuous cloth of estate furnished 
with many goodly gentlemen to serve the tables, ordered in manner as 
the other chamber was, saving that the high table was removed beneath 
the cloth of estate toward the middest of the chamber covered. Then 
there was a cupboard, being as long as the chamber was in breadth, with six 
desks of height garnyshed with guilt plate, and the nethermost desk was 
garnyshed all with gold plate, having with lights one paire of candlesticks 
of syiver and guilt being curiously wrought, which cost 300 markes, and 
standing upon the same, two lights of waxe burning as bigge as torches 
to set it forth. This cupboard was barred round about, that no max 
could come nigh it, for there was none of all this plate touched in this 
banquet, for there was sufficient besides. The plates that did hang on 
the walls to give light were of syiver and guilt, having in them grear 
pearches of waxe burning, a great fire burning in the chimney, and all 
other things necessary for the furniture of so noble a feast. Now was all 
things in readiness, and supper tyme at hand, the principal officers caused 
the trumpetters to blow to warne to supper; the officers discreetly went 
and conducted these noblemen from their chambers, into the chambers 
where they should suppe, and caused them there to sit downe, and that 
done, their service came up in such abundance, both costly and full of 
suttleties, and with such a pleasant noyse of instruments of musicke. 
wmt the Frenchmen, as it seemed, were wrapt into a heavenly paradise. 
Tou must understand that my Lord Cardinal was not yet coinen thither, 
but they were merry and pleasant with their fare and devised suttleties. 
before the second course my Lord came in, booted and spurred, all so- 
dainely amongst tliem, and bade them >>roface (much good may it do you), 
at whose coming there was great joy, with rising every man from his 
place, whom my Lord caused to sit still and keep their roomes, and being 
in his apparell as he rode, called for a chayre, and sat down in the mid- 
dest of the high paradise, laughing, and being as merry as ever 1 saw 
bym in all my lyff. Anone came up the second course with so man; 
dishes, suttleties, and devises, above a hundred in number, which w r ere 
of so goodly proportion, and so costly, that I thinke the Frenchmen 
never saw the like : — the wonder was no less than it was worthy indeed. 
There were castles with images, in the same Paul's Church, for the quality 
as well counterfeited as the painter should have painted it on a cloth or 
wall. There were beasts, birds, foules, and personages, and lykely made 
and counterfeited, some righting with swords, some guns and cross-bows, 
some vaughting and leaping, some dancing with ladies, some on horses in 
complete harnesse, justing with long sharpe speares, with many more 
devices. Among all, one I noted was a chess-board, made of spiced 
plate, with men there of the same, and for the good proportion, and be- 
cause the Frenchmen be very cunning and expert in that play, my Lor<> 
Cardinal gave the same to a gentleman of France, commanding ther; 
should be made a goodly case for the preservation thereof in all haste, 
that he might convey the same safe into his countrey. Then tooke my 
Lord a bole of gold filled with ipoerasse, and putting off his cap, said, 
* I drink to the King, my Sovereigne Lord, and next unto the King 
your master;' and therewith did drynke a good draught: and when he 
had done, he desired the grauud mastre to pledge him cup and all, the 



14 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

which was well worth 500 markes, and so caused all the lords to pledge 
these two royal princes. Then went the cups so merrily about, that 
many of the Frenchmen were faine to be led to their beds. Then rose 
up my Lord, and went into his privy chamber, to pull off his bootes, and 
to shift him, and then went he to supper ; and making a very short sup- 
per, or rather a repast, returned into the chamber of presence to the 
Frenchmen, using them so lovingly and familiarly, that they could not 
commend too much ; and whilest they were in communication and other 
pastimes, all their liveries were served to their chambers. Every cham- 
ber had a bason and an ewer of sylver, a great livery pot of sylver, and 
some guilt; yea, and some chambers had two livery pots, with wine and 
beere, a boule, a goblet, and a pot of sylver to drink in, both for their 
wine and beere ; a sylver candlesticke, both white and plaine, having in 
it two sizes, and a staffe torche of waxe, a fine manchet, and a cheat loaf. 
Thus was every chamber furnished through the house, and yet the cup- 
boards in the two banquetting chambers were not touched. Thus, when 
it was more than time convenient, they were conveyed to their lodgings, 
where they rested that night. In the morning, after they had heard 
mass, they dined with the Cardinal, and so departed to Windsor." 

Edward VI. was born in Hampton Court Palace, 12th Oc- 
tober, 1537, and his mother, Queen Jane Seymour, only sur- 
vived his birth a few days. He was baptised in the Chapel 
Royal with great magnificence, having for his godfathers " at 
the font," Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, and 
the Duke of Norfolk ; and at his confirmation, the Duke of 
Suffolk, his sister the Lady Mary being godmother, Jane 
Seymour was married to Henry VIII. the day after the de- 
capitation of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn, the 20th of May, 
1536; but she lived not long to enjoy her dignity, being 
Queen but one year, five months, and twenty-four days. 
Henry appears to have regarded this lady with more constancy 
and affection than any of his many wives, being so deeply 
afflicted by her death, that he left the palace of Hampton 
Court, remained for several weeks in private, and wore the 
mourning garb, even during the festival of Christmas. The 
body of the Queen was removed on the 8th of November, and 
conveyed with great solemnity to Windsor, and interred in 
St. George's Chapel. Catharine Howard appeared publicly 
as Queen at Hampton Court on the 8th of August, 1540. 
The King, having disposed of five wives, resolved to take a 
sixth, and selecting Lady Catharine Parr, sister of the Mar- 
quis of Northampton, and widow of Lord Latimer, demanded 
her in marriage. The nuptial ceremonies were performed at 
this palace, July 12th, 1543. The last of Henry's festivals at 
Hampton Court was in 1545, when Francis Gonzaga, Vice- 
roy of Italy, paid him a visit during the Christmas holidays. 

While Edward VI. resided at Hampton Court with the 
Protector Somerset, a very serious dissension happened in 
the council, where it was proposed to deprive the Duke of his 
royal ward ; and in consequence of an alarm given that this 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 16 

was to be done by force, the household and inhabitants of the 
town of Hampton armed themselves for the protection of the 
young King. Edward, in the last year of his reign, held a 
chapter of the order of the Garter at Hampton, Court Palace ; 
the knights went to Windsor in the morning, but returned to 
this palace in the evening, where they were royally feasted, 
and when Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset, was created Duke 
of Suffolk, and John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, Duke of 
Northumberland, 1551. The first was attainted, and the 
second forfeited his titles, in the first year of King Edward's 
successor, 1553. 

Queen Mary and Philip of Spain, her husband, passed 
their honey-moon in gloomy retirement at Hampton Court, 
and in 1558 kept their Christmas here with great solemnity. 
" The Court supped in the great hall, which was illuminated 
with a thousand lamps. The Princess Elizabeth supped at 
the same table with their Majesties, next the cloth of state, 
and after supper was served with a perfumed napkin and 
plate of comfits by Lord Paget ; but she retired to her ladies 
before the revels, maskings, and disguisings began." On 
St. Stephen's day, the Princess was permitted to hear matins 
m the Queen's closet, when we are told " she was attired in 
a robe of white satin, strung all over with large pearls ;" and 
on the 29th of December she sat with their Majesties and the 
nobility at a grand spectacle of jousting, " when two hundred 
lances were broken, half the combatants being accoutred 
Alamaigne (as Germans), and half as Spaniards." 

Elizabeth becomingQueen,this palace occasionally exhibited 
the same scenes of festivity as in the days of Henry VIII. 
She held the grand festivals of Christmas in 1572, and in 
1593. James I. took up his residence here soon after his 
arrival in England, and on the 14th of January, 1603-4, began 
the celebrated conference between the Presbyterians and the 
members of the Established Church, held before King James 
as moderator, in a withdrawing-room within the privy cham- 
ber, on the subject of conformity. The divines who appeared 
on the part of the Presbyterians were — Drs. Reynolds and 
Sparks, Mr. Knewstubs, and Mr. Chaderton : on the part 
of the Established Church — Archbishop Whitgift; Bishops 
Bancroft, Matthew Bilson, Babington, Rudd, Watson, Ro- 
binson, and Dove ; Drs. Andrews, Overall, Barlow, Bridges, 
Field, King. All the Lords of the Council were present, and 
spoke occasionally on the subject cf the conference, which 
lasted three days; and we owe to it our present excellent 
translation of the Bible. The King and Queen here, in the 
autumn of 1606, magnificently entertained Francis Prince 



Hi GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

of Vauclemois, son of' the Duke of Lorraine, and many noble- 
men and gentlemen who accompanied him. The feasting 
&nd pastimes on this occasion lasted fourteen days. Queen 
Anne, the wife of James I., died at the palace of Hampton 
Court, on the 2nd of March, 1618, and was interred with 
"solemn funeral pomp," in Westminster Abbey. 

In 1625, Charles 1. and Queen Henrietta, fearful of the 
contagion of the plague, which then raged in London, retired 
from Durham House, with the Court, to Hampton Court, 
and where his Majesty gave audiences to the ambassadors of 
France and Denmark, as also to an envoy from Bethlem 
Gabor,* then Prince of Transylvania. 

In 1641, their Majesties again sought an asylum at this 
palace from a calamity still more fatal than even the plague. 
The apprentices of London, then, as formidable engines of a 
political faction, by their insurrectionary clamour drove them 
from their palace at Whitehall to seek temporary relief in 
the retirement of Hampton Court; but the turbulent spirit 
of the times pursued the unfortunate sovereigns, and caused 
them to quit this retreat. On the 24th of August, 1647, 
Charles was brought here by the army, and kept in a state 
of splendid imprisonment till the 11th of November, when 
he effected his escape lo the Isle of Wight. His transition 
from Hampton Court to the scaffold made, in these extra- 
ordinary times, but the fatal events of a few months; and 
those who are acquainted with the history of the latter days 
of King Charles, cannot but associate with Hampton Court. 
Palace the sad fate of its enlightened master. The fine 
specimens of art that once decorated the walls of this, his 
favourite residence, collected by the minister of his taste, 
were scattered abroad by his too successful persecutors, and 
now form the choicest treasures «Df foreign and private col- 
lections. The honour and palace of Hampton Court were sold 
by the Parliament, in 1651, and bought by Mr. John Phelps, 
a member of the House of Commons, for £10,765 19s. 9d. 
Oliver Cromwell acquired them in 1656. The marriage 
ceremonies of Elizabeth, daughter of Cromwell, with Lord 

* Bethlem Gabor, whose real name was Gabriel Bethlem, a native of 
Transylvania, was well descended, though without patrimony, and long 
lived in such obscurity, that when he was thirty years of age he could 
not gain credit for twenty pounds. His wife, like himself, was allied to 
nobility ; and though without a portion, admirably qualified by her 
economy to save a fortune. Even after her husband's elevation, sht 
disdained not to superintend the culinary arrangements, being considered 
the best cook in Europe ; yet she sustained with ease her share in his 
dignities, and was once actually on the point of being publicly crowned 
as Queen of Hungary. 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 17 

Falcouberg, were performed here on the 1 8tb of November, 
1657, and the next year the Protector witnessed there the 
death of his favourite daughter, Mm. ClaypoJe. Charles IJ. 
and James II. resided here occasionally. On the abdication 
of King James II. Hampton Court Palace became one of the 
favourite residences of King William 111., who made the 
palace what it now is, and laid out the gardens and parks in 
their present form. Queen Mary, his illustrious consort, 
was equally partial to this palace; and it was here that she 
employed herself and her maids of honour in needle- work, one 
room of which was entirely fitted up with beautiful embroi- 
dery. Her Majesty chiefly resided here when placed at the 
head of affairs during the King's absence in Ireland or Hoi- 
land. William Duke of Gloucester, son of Queen Anne and 
Prince George of Denmark, was born here, on the 24th July, 
1689, who, three days after, was baptised by the Bishop ot 
London, William 111. being one godfather, and the Earl of 
Dorset, as proxy for the King of Denmark, the other : the 
Marchioness of Halifax had the honour of being godmother. 
This Prince died at the early age of eleven. After the death 
of William III., Queen Anne resided here occasionally. George 
I. also sometimes here held his court. George II. and his 
Queen, Caroline, were the last sovereigns that resided at. 
Hampton Court; and in October, 1731, their Majesties gave 
a grand entertainment to Francis, Duke of Lorraine, afterwards 
Emperor of Germany. In its present state, Hampton Court 
Palace consists of three principal quadrangles : the western 
court is one hundred and sixty-seven by one hundred and 
sixty-two feet, and is divided into several suites of apart- 
ments, occupied by private families; the middle quadrangle 
is one hundred and thirty-four feet and a half by one hundred 
and thirty-four feet, and is called the Clock-court, from a 
curious astronomical clock * being placed over the gateway ; 
over the archway are the arms of Cardinal Wolsey, with his 
motto, dominvs michi ADivTon (God is my help), and on 
the small towers are the busts of the Roman Emperors in 
terra cotta, viz., on the east side, Titus, Olbo. Galba, Julius ; 
on the west side, Vitellius, Augustus ; in the first court are 
Trajan, Adrian ; and at the western entrance are the Empe- 
rors Tiberius and Nero ; they have lately been restored, but 
were originally sent from Rome by Pope Leo X. to Cardinal 
Wolsey to decorate this palace. 

On the south side of this court, the visitor enters a heauti- 



* The present clock was made by Vulliaruj-, and was brought from ti>. 
lafce Buckingham Palace, and put up in this palace in 1835. 



18 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

ful colonnade of Ionic order, erected by Sir Christopher Wren,* 
which leads to 

THE KING'S GRAND STAIRCASE. 

This spacious approach to the state apartments was painted 
by Verrio, in his florid style, being crowded with allegories, 
and richly ornamented with numerous devices. The upper 
part, on the left side, represents Apollo and the Muses per- 
forming a musical concert, below whom Pan is seated, playing 
his reeds; and beneath Pan, Ceres bearing a wheatsheaf, 
and pointing to loaves of bread. Near this goddess are the 
river gods Thame and Isis, accompanied with Flora and 
Pomona, surrounding a table decorated with superb plate, 
fruit and flowers. This division of the painting describes 
the marriage of the Thame and Isis. On the ceiling, Jupiter 
and Juno are seated at a table supported by lions, Ganymede 
on the eagle presenting the cup to Jove. The peacock of 
Juno is seen in front. One of the Fates is in attendance, 
with her fatal shears, ready to execute the dread command 
of the sovereign of Olympus, to separate the mortal thread : 
at the same table sits Cybele, crowned with a tower, and 
Time ; the whole surrounded by the signs of the zodiac and 
zephyrs with flowers. On the right side of the group is 
Fame with her two trumpets and a group of figures repre- 
senting posterity. Beneath, Venus is introduced with Cupid 
and her swans, and Mars paying his court to the fair goddess. 
On the right are Pluto and Proserpine, Coelus and Terra, 
Neptune and Amphitrite, with attendants offering nectar 
and fruits. On the left, Bacchus, with a crown of grapes, 
leaning on a vase, and has one hand resting on the head of 

* This celebrated architect was employed by William III. to pull 
down part of the old palace, and to build what is now called the Fountain 
Court, where all the state apartments are, which was finished in 1690. 
Wren was born at East Knoyle, in Wiltshire, in 1632. At the age of 
fourteen he was sent to Oxford, and in 1653 was elected Fellow of All 
Souls; in 1657 he was chosen Professor of Astronomy at Gresham 
College ; in 1665 he was nominated architect for rebuilding St. Paul's 
Cathedral ; and immediately after the Fire of London he drew the plan 
of a new city, which he presented to the King, but it was not adopted. 
In 1668 he succeeded to the office of Surveyor-General of his Majesty's 
Works. Sir Christopher was, probably, below the common size ; as 
when Charles II. told him he thought the apartments in his hunting 
palace at Newmarket were too low, the architect, looking up, replied, 
" Sir, I think they are high enough." Charles, stooping to his height, 
and creeping about in a whimsical posture, exclaimed, "Ay, Sir Chris- 
topher, I think they are high enough.' 1 '' He died in 1723, when in the 
91st year of his age, with great calmness and serenity and the same 
piety he had ever practised, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, 
which is the greatest effort of his genius. 



THE GUARD CHAMBER. 19 

Silenus, seated on a fallen ass. Here is introducid Diana 
sitting on the half moon, with her bow in her left hand. On 
the right side of a table, supported by eagles, is Romulus 
with a wolf. On the left is Hercules, clad in the lion's skin, 
resting on his club. This compartment describes all the 
figures in the clouds. Another panel represents Peace, 
holding in her right hand a palm-branch, and in her left hand 
a laurel over the head of iEneas, who stands by her, and 
appears to invite the twelve Csesars to a celestial banquet. 
Spurino, the Soothsayer, is among the group. Over these, 
hovers the Genius of Rome, holding a flaming sword and a 
bridle. The whole of the allegory is complimentary to King 
William and Queen Mary. In another panel is the Emperor 
Julian writing at a table, with Mercury in attendance. 
Above the door is a pyra, or funeral pile, painted in chiaro- 
oscuro ; and beneath the paintings of the whole are a variety 
of trophies of war, and other symbolic designs, ornamented 
in relief with gold mouldings. From the King's staircase 
we enter 

THE GUARD CHAMBER. 

A magnificent room, sixty feet long, thirty-seven wide, and 
thirty in height; and the first thing that strikes the attention 
of the visitor is the way in which he sees the muskets, 
halberts, pistols, and swords, dispersed in various figures upon 
the walls, with the daggers, drums, and bandaliers, frontlets, 
and other pieces of defensive armour, and all in the highest 
order. There are sufficient arms here for the equipment of 
a thousand men. 

The lower panels contain : — 

1 Admiral Beaumont,* by Bockman. 

21 Military Subjects, describing a Battle in the Low 

3 J Countries, also a Wedding in a Camp, by Rugendas. 

4i Queen Elizabeth's Porter, in a Spanish dress. He was 
seven feet six inches in height, and a native of the 
Low Countries, by F. Zucchero. 

5 "\ An Encampment, bringing in provisions, women cook- 

6 J ing, and a March of an Army, by Rugendas. 

7 Admiral Sir G. Byng,f by Bockman. 

* Admiral Beaumont, an enterprising officer who had distinguished 
himself on several occasions, particularly by his vigilance in watching 
the enemy's fleet at Dunkirk, and preserving the merchant ships from 
the attacks of privateers. The country was unfortunately deprived of 
his services by the storm of 1703. His ship, the Mary, a fourth-rate, 
being forced on the Goodwin Sands, she was lost, when the admiral, in 
the flower of his age, with the whole of the crew, excepting one man, 
perished by this fatal tempest. 

t Sir George Byng, a brave English admiral, was born in Kent, in 



20 G'JIDii TO HAMPTON COURT. 

8 Admiral Sir J. Gradin,* by Bockman. 

9 Admiral Sir Thomas Dilkes,f by Bockman. 
10 Admiral Churchill, J by Bockman. 



1663. He entered young into the navy, and after passing through dif- 
ferent ranks of the profession became rear-admiral in 1703. In 1706 he 
was sent to the relief of Barcelona, then besieged by the Duke of Anjou, 
which service he performed with great reputation. On his return he was 
made admiral of the blue, and in 1708 sent to oppose the invasion de- 
signed against Scotland in favour of the Pretender, and by his activity 
obliged the enemy to return to France without effecting their object, for 
which he received the freedom of Edinburgh, in a gold box. The same 
year he had the honour of convoying the Queen of Portugal to Lisbon, 
and her Majesty presented him with her picture, set in diamonds. On 
his return to England he was made one of the lords of the admiralty. In 
1715 George I. created him a baronet ; and in 1717, an invasion being 
intended from Sweden, in favour of the Pretender, he was sent into the 
Baltic, where he remained till that project was abandoned. In 1718 he 
was appointed commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, where he at- 
tacked the Spanish fleet, which he entirely defeated off Sicily. On thi- 
great victory he had the honour to receive letters of thanks from 
George I., the Emperor Charles, and the Queen of Denmark. It was 
owing to his exertions that Sicily was saved from the Spaniards ; and he 
displayed as much skill as a politician and negotiator as he did valour 
and prudence as a commander. In 1721 he was created Viscount Tor- 
rington, and knight of the Bath, and died in 1733. 

* Sir John Gradin, an officer more remarkable for his caution and 
strict adherence to the letter of his instructions, than for that dashing 
spirit which is the usual characteristic of a British Seaman. Falling in 
with a French fleet of inferior force to that which he commanded, and 
sustaining little damage in the engagement which ensued, he suffered the 
enemy to escape : for this failure, and from other circumstances, wherein 
perhaps his misfortunes were greater than his demerits, on his return 
to England he was, by a vote of the House of Commons, dismissed the 
service of Her Majesty Queen Anne. 

t Admiral Sir Thomas Dilkes, an enterprising officer, who, in 1703, 
with a small squadron, attacked in Cancale Bay a fleet of French merchant- 
men with their convoy, consisting of forty-three trading vessels, and 
three men of war. This fleet being in shore, and in shallow water, he 
detached two frigates and two fire-ships from his squadron ; and, manning 
all the boats, he gallantly, in person, led his men to the attack, and com- 
pleted his triumph in two successive engagements, when lie captured and 
destroyed three of the ships of war, and the whole fleet, excepting four 
vessels. The next year Admiral Dilkes, with a small squadron, captured 
three out of a fleet of large armed Spanish galleons. In 1705 he as- 
sisted Sir John Leake in taking and destroying at Cabretta Point a whole 
detachment of the French fleet, composed of five ships of the line. He 
died at Leghorn, in the year 1707. 

% Admiral G. Churchill, brother of the great Duke of Marlborough, 
entered the navy at an early period of life, and commanded a second-rate- 
ship at the battle of La Hogue, where he evinced bravery and good con- 
duct. He, however, was slow in attaining preferment, being made 
admiral principally through the favour of George Prince of Denmark, 
although it is asserted that his services had claimed that honour long 
before he obtained it. He retired from the service soon after the death 



THE GUARD CHAMBER. 21 

11 Admiral Sir John Jennings,* by Bockman. 

12 Admiral Benbow, f by Bockman. 

13 1 An Encampment, attending to the Sick and Wounded, 

14 j and a March of an Army, by Rugendas. 

15 The Colosseum at Rome, built by the Emperor Vespa- 

sian, it would contain from eighty to one hundred 
thousand persons, by Canaletto. 

16 1 The Troops preparing to March. Bringing in the 

17 J Prisoners and Wounded, by lluyendas. 

18 Admiral Sir Stafford Fairbourne,!' by Bockman. 
.19 Admiral Lord Anson.§ 



of his patron, and died at Windsor in 1708. He was interred in West- 
minster Abbey. 

* Admiral Sir John Jennings entered the navy very young, and was 
knighted by Queen Anne, in 1704, for services rendered to her Majesty 
in the Mediterranean. He was not only a distinguished officer but 
eminent in the cabinet, and held the appointment of Commissioner of 
the Admiralty, and Governor of Greenwich Hospital. He died in 1743, 
and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 

f Admiral Benbow, a seaman, the memory of whose bravery and miss- 
fortune will ever remain an interesting feature in the naval annals of 
Great Britain, his action with Admiral du Casse being a monument to 
the glory and to the disgrace of the service. To his immortal honour, 
with his own ship, he maintained an action five successive days with a 
French squadron, being nobly supported by his crew, and to the eternal 
disgrace of the captains of his fleet, who ail, excepting Captain Walton 
in the Ruby, basely deserted him, neglected his signals, and although wit- 
nesses of his intrepid conduct, yet left him to fight alone. Benbow, too 
formidable for the enemy, although dreadfully wounded, yet carried his 
flag safely into port, where, being followed by the other ships of his 
squadron, he had their commanders brought to a court martial, who, on 
returning to their injured country, were punished according to their re- 
spective sentences. The admiral died of his wounds before he could re- 
ceive the testimony of his \ sovereign's approbation, yet not without the 
applause which he merited. 

X Admiral Sir Stafford Fairbourne. — This officer bore the flag of rear- 
admiral of the white in the fruitless expedition against Cadiz ; but being 
engaged in the subsequent affair at Vigo, and distinguishing himself in 
that successful enterprise, he received the honour of knighthood. He 
was also present at the attack upon Ostend, where his bravery con- 
tributed to the conquest of that strongly fortified town. In the great 
storm of 1703, so fatal to the English navy, Sir S. Fairbourne, carrying 
his flag as vice-admiral of the red in the Association, then lying in the 
Downs with many other large ships of war, was driven from his moor- 
ings, first to Gottenburg, and then to Copenhagen, and did not return to 
England until the next year. 

§ George Lord Anson was the third son of William Anson, Esq., a 
gentleman of a good family long established in Staffordshire. In 1722 
he was made master and commander of the Weasel sloop, and in the 
year following was raised to the rank of post-captain. It was at the 
breaking out of the Spanish war that he first became an historical 
character. In 1740 he was sent with a small squadron to harass the 
coasts of Chili ana* Peru. The original design of the expedition being 



22 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 



20 The Battle between Constantine and Maxentius, by 
Giulio Romano. 

Before the visitor leaves this room it is worth while to make 
himself acquainted with the relative position of this and the 
adjoining apartments, because the rule (and a necessary one 
too, when so many persons pass through the rooms) is, that 
every one should move forwards ; when you have left one 
apartment you cannot return, unless by passing through the 
whole suite and again ascending the King's Staircase. From 
the windows which overlook the Private Gardens you have a 
view of the rivers Thames, Mole, and Ember, the Surrey hills 
in the distance; the Slopes, Yew-trees, and Queen Mary's 
Bow 3r in the foreground ; also the railway station, which con- 
veys thousands* of persons in the spring to see the splendid 
avenue of horse chestnuts and thorns in full blossom in Bushy 
Park ; in the summer the avenues of Lime-trees and profusion 
of roses fill the air with their rich fragrance ; in the autumn the 
celebrated vine and the tints of the departing year furnish new 
objects of interest. 

On leaving the Guard Chamber, the stranger now 
enters what is called 

THE KING'S FIRST PRESENCE CHAMBER. 

21 Over the door, a Piece of Ruins, by Rousseau. 

22 The Duchess of St. Alban's,f by Sir G. Kneller. 



frustrated, he conceived the project of intercepting the Manilla, a 
Spanish galleon. In June, 1743, he met and took her after a sharp 
engagement. The prize was mounted with forty guns, and laden with a 
cargo to the value of £313,000. In 1748, he was appointed admiral of 
the blue, and commanded the squadron, which conveyed the king, 
George II., to and from the continent. On the accession of George III. 
he was appointed admiral and commander-in-chief of his Majesty's 
fleets. He was celebrated for his naval victories and his voyage round 
the world ; his professional characteristics were those of discretion, 
coolness, and steadiness. He died suddenly, June 6th, 1762, aged 65. 

* The highest number that ever visited the Palace in one day was on 
Whit Monday, June the 9th, 1851 (the Exhibition year), when 19,480 
persons passed through the State Apartments. The following are the 
yearly numbers from the commencement of the Palace being opened to 
he public free from eny fee : — 



1839 


115,971 


1848 


150,321 


1840 


122,339 


1849 


168,195 


1841 


147,740 


1850 


221,119 


1842 


179,743 


1851 


350,848 


1843 


176,334 


1852 


173,391 


1844 


159,760 


1853 


180,753 


1845 


160,791 


1854 


151,578 


1846 


170,879 


1855 


141,420 


1847 


162,031 


1856 

j i- -u~: 


161,752 



f Duchess of St. Alban's, daughter and sole heiress of the last Earl of 
Oxford, was married April 13th, 1694, to the Duke of St. Alban's, the 



THE KING'S FIRST PRESENCE CHAMBER. 23 

23 Queen Mary,* by Wis sing. 

24 Boys with a Eoat and Swans, by Polidoro. 

25 King William landing atTorbay,f by Sir Godfrey Kneller. 
An allegorical Portrait of the King, in armour, with a 

truncheon in his hand, mounted on a white charger, 
which is trampling on trophies of war, near which is a 
lighted torch ; Mercury and Peace, in a cloud above 
the King's head, are bearing his helmet decorated with 
laurel, and a Cupid holds a scroll. In the lower part 
of the picture are Neptune, with his attendants ; 
Plenty, with her cornucopia, offering an olive branch ; 
and Flora presenting flowers. 



son of Charles II. by the handsome and witty Eleanor Gwynne. This 
duchess was the mother of Charles the second duke, and seven other sons. 
She died January, 1741. 

* This excellent princess was taken ill at Kensington, on the 21st of 
December, 1694. Her distemper proved to be the small-pox ; a malady 
extremely fatal to her family, and which might therefore be supposed to 
make the greater impression upon her spirits ; this, joined to a bad con- 
stitution and, as some say, the ill-management of her principal physi- 
cian, brought her to her end in the space of a week. She was, at the 
time Of her decease, in the thirty-third year of her age, and in the sixth 
of her reign. She was exceedingly lamented at home and abroad, and 
her death, at this juncture, was a great disadvantage to her subjects. 

f William III. of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and King of England, 
was born at the Hague, in 1650. He was the son of William Prince of 
Orange, and of Henrietta Maria, daughter of Charles I. He married 
the Princess Mary, daughter of James II., and succeeded to the Stadt- 
holdership in 1672. He was also nominated general of the troops of Hol- 
land against Louis XIV., and made a vigorous resistance to the French 
armies under Luxembourg, whom he defeated in 1674, but was repulsed 
in his turn by the Prince de Conde. In 1688 the arbitrary measures of 
James II. induced many disaffected nobles and others to invite over the 
Prince of Orange. He gladly embraced the occasion, and landed without 
opposition in Torbay, November 4th, the same year. James, finding him- 
self unsupported, withdrew to France, and William took possession of his 
throne in conjunction with his wife, the daughter of that unfortunate 
Monarch. The coronation took place April 11th, 1689. The year fol- 
lowing William went to Ireland, where he defeated James at the battle 
of the Boyne. In 1691, he headed the confederated army in the Nether- 
lands, took Namur in 1695, and in 1697 he was acknowledged King of 
England by the treaty of Ryswick. In his person he was tall and thin, his 
frame was never strong, and he was subject to an asthma, which occasioned 
a stooping in the shoulders ; his complexion was dark, his hair brown ; 
his face was neither beautiful nor manly ; his nose was aquiline, his 
forehead large, his eyes bright and sparkling, which illumined a face 
otherwise grave and repulsive. On the 26th of February, 1702, as he was 
riding in the Home Park, about a quarter of a mile from this palace, he 
fell from his horse and broke his collar-bone. His attendants conveyed 
him to Hampton Court, where the fracture was reduced, and in the 
evening he returned to Kensington Palace in his coach, where he died 
the following 8th of March, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 



4 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

26 The Countess of Essex,- by Sir G. Kneller. 

27 Admiral Russell,f by Sir G. Kneller. 

28 Boys with a Boat, by Polidora. 

'29 The Countess of Peterborough^ by Sir G. Knellt 

30 A Portrait, by Pordenone. 

31 An old Woman blowing Charcoal, by Holbein. 

32 A Portrait, by Dobson. 

33 The Countess of Ranelagh, § by Sif G. Kneller. 

34 Kino William III. embarking from Holland.!! 



* Mary Bentinck, Countess of Essex, was the eldest daughter of 
William Bentinck, Earl of* Portland, the favourite of William III. This 
lady married Algernon Capel, Earl of Essex, a military character, in 1692, 
and his Lordship dying in 1710, she in 1714 again entered into the 
silken bands of matrimony with the Hon. Conyers d'Arcy, only brother 
to Robert, Earl of Holderness. The following lines were written on 
Lndy Mary Bentinck's marriage with the Earl of Essex : — 

" The bravest hero and the gentlest dame 

From Belgium's happy clime Britannia drew : 
One pregnant cloud, we find, does often frame 
The awful thunder and the gentle dew." 

(• Admiral Russell, more generally known for his victory over Tour- 
ville, in the famous battle of La Hogue, the sea-fight so finely described 
by the historical pencil of West, and engraved by the ingenious hand of 
Woollett. It is said, that Louis XIV., aware of his rapacity of disposi- 
tion, sent him c £20,000, requesting him in return not to fight, but 
manoeuvre. Under pretence of deliberating, he sent an express to Wil- 
liam III., to know how he was to act ; the answer was laconic, " Take 
the money, and beat them.*' He did beat them. He was created Earl 
of Orford in 1697, and died November 20th, 1727, in his 76th yeat. 

% Countess of Peterborough, daughter of Sir Alexander Frazier. 
married the celebrated hero and literary character Charles Mordaunt, 
Karl of Peterborough. She died in 1709. 

§ This portrait was engraved in mezzotinto by Faber, with the set 
known as the " Beauties of Hampton Court." Granger, in his description 
of the print, says that "she was the daughter of Richard Boyle, first 
Earl of Cork, and brother to the great philosopher Robert Boyle, and 
married Arthur Jones, Earl of Ranelagh." But Mrs. Jameson, in her 
Hand-book to the Public Galleries of Art (a very high authority), says she 
was the Lady Margaret Cecil, daughter of James, Earl of Salisbury : 
married first to Lord Stowel, and, he dying early, she married secondly, at 
the age of nineteen, Richard Jones, Earl of Ranelagh. 

ij This picture, supposed to be painted by Romaine de Hooge, a 
Dutch engraver, represents the departure of King William III. from 
Holland. His Majesty, attended by the Duke of Schomberg, Count de 
Solms, &c, is taking leave of the principal personages of the States of 
Holland. His Majesty is about to enter his barge, which is at the pier- 
head ready to convey him to his ship. In the centre of the barge is a 
flag with his Majesty's arms and motto, " Je main tien dray.'' 1 Religion 
and Liberty are also inscribed on it. He sailed from Holland with a 
lleet of five hundred ships, and an army of about fourteen thousand men, 
composed partly of Dutch troops and partly of English regiments in the 
service of the States. 



THE KING'S FIRST PRESENCE CHAMBER. 25 

„ fi V Landscapes, with figures, by Schiavone. 

37 Miss Pitt,* by Sir G. Kneller. 

38 St. William divesting himself of his armour, to take 

upon himself the monastic order of the Carthusians. 

39 A Saint's Head, by Lanfranco. 

40 A Man Reading, by A. Catalani. 

41 James, first Marquis of Hamilton,-]- by My tens. 

42 Cupids, by Polidoro. 

43 The Duchess of Grafton,! by Sir G. Kneller. 

44 A Portrait, by Titian. 

45 A Portrait, by Giorgione. 

46 A Man shewing a trick, by L. da Vinci. 

47 The Countess of Dorset, § by Sir G. Kneller. 

48 The Landing of King William III. at Brixham.|| 

49 1 

rft > Landscapes, with figures, by Schiavone. 

* Miss Pitt, supposed to be one of the maids of honour to Queen 
Mary, afterwards married to Mr. Scroop : she has always been considered 
the greatest beauty of her Majesty's court. She is represented in a 
yellow and puce dress, dipping her right hand into a fountain, of which 
the water gushes from a lion's mouth. 

f Marquis of Hamilton, a whole-length, in a Spanish costume of a 
brown colour, with a ruff and buff leather boots. He holds a wand, and 
is decorated with the order of the Garter. This is a very fine specimen 
of the talent of Mytens, and would not discredit the pencil of Vandyck. 
James, Marquis of Hamilton, father of the Duke of Hamilton, who was 
beheaded by the parliament for his adherence to Charles I., was a distin- 
guished favourite of James I., who appointed him, when a very young 
man, one of his Majesty's gentlemen of the bedchamber. In 1623 he 
was created a knight of the Garter, and held the office of lord steward of 
the royal household. He died in 1625. 

% Duchess of Grafton was sole daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, 
Earl of Arlington. In 1672 she married Henry, Earl of Euston, after- 
wards Duke of Grafton, the only son of Charles II. by Barbara, Duchess 
of Cleveland. As her father's honours descended to her, she walked in 
the coronation procession of George I. as Countess of Arlington in her 
own right. She died in 1722. 

§ Countess of Dorset, daughter of James Compton, Earl of North- 
ampton, married the Earl of Dorset in 1684. She was the mother of the 
first Duke of Dorset. Queen Mary appointed her one of the ladies of 
her bedchamber. She died August, 1691. 

|| This picture represents the Dutch fleet in Torbay, and the land- 
ing of King William III. at Brixham. In the foreground, to the 
right, in the centre of a group of English courtiers, the King is 
embracing and receiving the congratulations of his friends. There are 
two ladies in this group, supposed to be Queen Mary and her maid 
of honour : led horses are in waiting for the use of their Majesties. In 
the background is the King on horseback, with his suite, and attended by 
his English and Dutch troops is receiving the deputies from Cornwall, 
Dartmouth, Exeter, &c. To the left the proclamation is being made ? 
and the people are bringing in provisions for the use of the army. 

c 



26 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

51 Lady Middleton, by Sir G. Kneller. 

52 Italian Lawyer, by P. Bordone. 

53 A Portrait of a Gentleman, by Tintoretto. 

54 A Portrait of a Man, by Bassano. 

55 Augustus consulting the Sibyl, by P. da Carton* i, 

56 Robert Boyle,* by Kersboom. 

57 A Spanish Boy, by Murillo. 

58 Mrs. Elliot,fby.RiZey. 

59 This interesting picture represents King Charles II. 

taking leave of the Dutch Court, at his restoration 
in 1660. His Majesty's barge is ready to receive him ; 
the Dutch troops and the fleet which is to convey the 
King to England are firing salutes. He arrived in 
London the 29th May the same year. 

60 Peter the Great,^ Emperor of Russia, a whole-length 

in armour, dated 1698, the year in which the Czar 
visited England, by Sir G. Kneller, the back-ground 
painted by W. Vandevelde. 

* Robert Boyle, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, 
was born on the 25th of January, 1626, at Lismore, in the province of 
Munster, the same year in which Lord Bacon died, and seems to have 
inherited the penetrating and inquisitive genius of that illustrious philo- 
sopher. We are at a loss which to admire most, his extensive knowledge, 
or his exalted piety. These excellences kept pace with each other, but 
the former never carried him to vanity, nor the latter to enthusiasm. 
Religion never sat more easy upon a man, nor added greater dignity to a 
character. He particularly applied himself to Chemistry : and made 
such discoveries, in that branch of science, as can scarce be credited upon 
less authority than bis own. His doctrine of the weight and spring of 
the air, a fluid on which our health and our very being depends, gained 
him all the reputation he deserved. He founded the theological lecture 
which bears his name. He died on the 30th of December, 1691, and 
was buried at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and a funeral sermon was 
preached on the occasion by Dr. Burnet. 

f Mrs. Elliot, daughter of James Craggs, Esq., joint postmaster-general, 
and sister to Secretary Craggs, married Edward Elliot, Esq., descended 
from a very ancient family in Cornwall, by whom she had several 
children ; the eldest, Edward, born in 1727, was created by His Majesty 
George III. Baron Elliot of St. Germain's, in Cornwall. 

X Peter the Great was born at Moscow, on the 11th of June, 1672, a 
monarch who proved one of the greatest benefactors to his country. 
He founded St. Petersburg, improved the marine, taught the Russians 
the art of Ship-building, encouraged learning, promoted commerce, and 
extended the power and political influence of Muscovy. Voltaire has 
given us an entertaining and instructive, but romantic, life of this hero. 
He says that " He gave a polish to his people, and was himself a savage; 
he taught them the art of war, of which he was himself ignorant, from 
the sight of a small boat on the river Moskwa ; he created a powerful 
fleet, made himself an expert and active shipwright, sailor, pilot, and 
commander j he changed the manners, customs, and laws of the Russians, 
and lives in their memory as the Father of His Country." He died on 
the 28th of January, 1725. 



THE SECOND PRESENCE CHAMBER. 27 

61 De Bray and his family, in the characters of Anthony, 

Cleopatra, &c, by himself. 

62 Ruins, by Rousseau. 

The canopy of King William's throne still remains, 
with the King's arms and the Dutch motto, " Je 
main tien dray" 

The wreaths of flowers, fruit, and foliage, carved in lime- 
tree wood over the doors and chimney piece in this 
and many of the rooms, by the celebrated Grinling 
Gibbons. 

The third apartment is called 

THE SECOND PRESENCE CHAMBER. 

63 Over the door, Ruins, by Rousseau. 

64 The Doge of Venice, in the Senate-house,* by Fialetti. 

65 Jupiter and Europa, by Giulio Romano. 

66 The Sculptor, Baccio Bandinelli,t by Correggio. 

67 A Sculptor, by Bassano. 

68 Mrs. Lemon, by Vandyck. 

69 An Italian Knight, by Pordenone. 

70 The Overthrow of Pharaoh and his Host, by Jordaens. 

71 Calumny, an Allegory, by T. Zucchero. 

* This historical picture represents Sir Henry Wotton, as ambassador 
from King James, presenting his credentials to the Doge of Venice, who 
is seated on his ducal throne, surrounded by his senators, some of whom 
are attired in a scarlet costume, others wear black robes. At the right 
hand of the Doge is seated the British ambassador, also in a black robe, 
and wearing his hat. This picture, with several others in this collection, 
was bequeathed by Sir Henry to Charles I. 

f Baccio Bandinelli, an eminent sculptor, born at Florence in 1497, 
and was a disciple of Giovanni Francesco Rustico, a good sculptor. He 
was not without skill and merit as a statuary, and in that art he deemed 
himself equal to Michael Angelo ; but he felt a sensible mortification 
when he perceived the world not to be inclined to concur with him in the 
same opinion. He is distinguished for his implacable hatred of Michael 
Angelo, and showed his ill-temper in every possible instance, particularly 
in that circumstance which covers his name with infamy, when by means 
of a false key he entered the apartments where the cartoons were depo- 
sited which that great painter had designed, by order of Pietro Soderrini, 
for the Grand Council Room. The finest of his works are, a Mercury- 
playing upon a Flute, a colossal Hercules, a fine statue of Cosmo de 
Medici, and the finest copy ever made of the celebrated Laocoon. Ban- 
dinelli died in a very advanced period of life, leaving an immense fortune 
to his children. He was buried in a splendid tomb, of his own workman- 
ship and design, in 1559. In this picture he is represented in his study, 
in a brown cloak trimmed with fur, holding in his right hand a female 
model, with his left hand on his breast in a contemplative attitude; the 
countenance is full of intellect ; behind is a group of Hercules and Anteus, 
and upon the table on which he leans, are a book, a head of Hercules, 
and a small female Torso. 

c2 



28 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

72 A Holy Family, by F. Vanne. 

73 The Annunciation, by Paul Veronese. 

74 A Warrior, by Giorgione. 

75 Christ in the House of the Pharisee, by Bassano. 

76 An Italian Lady, by Parmegiano. 
17 Virgin and Child, by Bronzino. 

78 Artemisia Gentileschi,* by herself. 

79 Alessander de Medici,f by Titian. 

80 Judgment of Paris, by Rothenhamer . 

81 Buildings in a Landscape, by Brueghel. 

82 Euins, by Rousseau. 

83 Philip IV. of Spain, by Velasquez. 

84 Jacob's Departure from Laban, by F. Laura. 

85 1 

n/j > The Seasons, by Brueghel and Rothenhamer. 

87 Charles I. on horseback, J by Vandyke. 

88 Judith and Holofernes, by Teniers, after P. Veronese. 

89 The Last Supper, by Young Palma. 

90 Conversion of St. Paul, by V. Malo. 

91 Queen of Philip IV., Sister of Henrietta Maria, Queen 

of Charles I., by Velasquez. 

* Artemisia Gentileschi, an historical and portrait paincress ; she re- 
sided some years with her father in England, where she painted the por- 
traits of some of the royal family, and many of the nobility of England, 
but passed the last years of her life in Italy; she was inferior to her father 
in history, but excelled him in portraits ; died in 1642. 

f Alessandro de Medici (an illegitimate son of Giulio de Medici, who 
became Pope under the name of Clement VII.) was assassinated by 
his cousin Lorenzo, in 1537. This is one of the finest portraits in the 
collection, and belonged to Charles I., and at the sale of the King's pic- 
tures, in 1650, was purchased by Van Reynst, a Dutch connoisseur, who 
sold it, with several others, to the states of Holland, and at the Resto- 
ration was presented by them to Charles II. 

% Charles I., the third son of James I., was born at Dunfermline in Fife- 
shire, on the 19th of November, 1600. He received from his father the same 
unconstitutional ideas of royal prerogative; his people began to feel their 
own weight in the scale of empire, and refused to pay the taxes he imposed ; 
a civil war ensued. At length the battle of Naseby was fought, June 
1645, which finished the war, for in May 1646, Charles delivered himself 
up to the Scotch army at Newark, who, on the 30th of January, 1647, 
gave him up to the commissioners of the English parliament ; on the 24th 
of August he was brought to this Palace by the army, and kept in a state 
of splendid imprisonment till the 11th of November, when he effected his 
escape to the Isle of Wight ; there he was detained a close prisoner in 
Carisbrook Castle till the 30th of November, 1648. After a turbulent 
reign of several years, this king was brought to trial in Westminster Hall, 
and sentence of death was pronounced against him, and he was executed 
by decapitation on a scaffold erected in front of the Banqueting House at 
Whitehall, on the 30th of January, 1649. This Picture is finely 
foreshortened, and represents the King in armour, mounted en a white 
horse, attended by his equerry the Chevalier d'Epernon, who had been 
a cdief equerry to Prince Henry, and led a mourning horse at his funeral. 



THE AUDIENCE CHAMBER. 29 

92 Joseph and Mary, by G. Hontkorst. 

K The Seasons, by B; ueghel and Rothenhamer. 

95 St. Francis and the Virgin, by Carlo Maratti. 

96 The Marriage of St. Catherine, by P. Veronese, 

97 Tobit and the Angel, by Schiavone. 

98 Guercino, by himself, 

99 Diana and Actseon, by Titian. 

100 Christian IV.,* King of Denmark, by Van Somer, 

1 1 Cupids and Satyrs, by Polidoro. 

102 Jacob, Rachel, and Leah, by Guido Cagnacci. 

103 Jacob's Journey, by Bassano. 

104 Peter Oliver, the Painter, by Hanneman. 
i 05 Lucretia, by P. Bordone. 

[06 A Dutch Gentleman, by Vander Hoist. 
107 Ruins, by Bousseau. 

The fourth chamber is called 



THE AUDIENCE CHAMBER. 

The state canopy of rich damask silk and gold brocade in 
this room is the one under which King James II. re- 
ceived the Pope's Nuncio. 

108 Madonna and Child, by Parmegiano. 

109 A Magdalen, after Titian. 

1 10 The Nursing of Jupiter, by Giulio Romano. 

111 Ignatius Loyola,f by Titian. 



* A whole-length, in a picturesque buff habit embroidered with gold ; 
his crown and sceptre are placed upon a table. Christian IV. was 
brother to Queen Anne, wife of James I. ; he was created a knight of 
the Garter, and came to England, in 1606, with a fleet of eight ships,, 
and having anchored at Gravesend, was there met by James I. and his 
son Prince Henry, who escorted their royal visitor to Somerset House, 
where he was magnificently entertained for more than a month. He was, 
for the greater part of his reign, engaged in unsuccessful wars with the 
Swedes and Germans. He died in 1648. 

f Loyola, the founder of the order of Jesuits, was of a considerable 
family, in the province of Guipuscoa in Spain, in 1491. He was brought 
up to the military profession, and obtained a commission in the Spanish 
army ; but breaking his leg at the siege of Pampeluna, he made a vovr 
to the Virgin, that if he recovered he would go on pilgrimage to Jeru- 
salem, and devote himself to a religious course of life, which resolution 
he fulfilled. After studying Latin a short time at Barcelona, he com- 
menced preacher, and began to gather disciples, for which he was im- 
prisoned, but still persevered in adding to the number of the brethren of 
the order of Jesus, as they were called, and for which at length he ob- 
tained a confirmation by Pope Paul III. This order increased pro- 
digiously during the lifetime of Loyola, who, however, was not the 
author of the pernicious maxims which afterwards disgraced it : he died 
in 1556. 



30 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

112 Our Saviour in the Rich Man's House — Mary Magdalen 

anointing his feet, by S. Ricci. 

113 Jupiter and Juno, by Giulio Romano. 

114 Titian's Uncle, by Titian. 

115 The Birth of Jupiter, by Giulio Romano. 

116 A Man's Head, by Giorgione. 

117 A Mother and two Children, by Carlo Cignani. 

118 Portrait of a Gentleman, by Titian. 

119 Christ healing the Sick, by S. Ricci. 

120 A Ruin, by Viviani and Jan Miel. 

121 Venus and Cupid, by Rubens, after Titian. 

122 The Battle of Forty, by P. Snayers. 

123 The Virgin teaching the Infant to read, by C. Cignani. 

124 Portrait of Titian, by himself. 

125 Over the fire-place, the Queen of Bohemia,* daughter 

of James I., by G. Honthorst. 

126 The Departure of Briseus, by Schiavone. 

127 Flora, by L. da Vinci. 

128 Portrait of Giorgioni, by himself. 

129 Venus presenting Cupid to Diana, by Swaneveldt. 

130 The Woman taken in Adultery, hj S. Ricci. 

131 Venus and Cupid, by Titian. 

132 Diana and Nymphs asleep, Venus escaping with her son, 

by Swaneveldt. 

133 A Sibyl, by C. Cignani. 

134 A Man's Head, by Bassano. 

135 The Woman of Faith, by 8. Ricci. 

136 Diana and Actseon, by Giorgione. 

137 Death and the Last Judgment, by M. Hemskerck. 

138 The Head of St. Peter, by Lan franco. 

139 Virgin and Child, by Andrea del Sarto. 

140 The Shepherd's Offering, by Palma. 

341 A Spanish Lady, by Sebastian del Piombo. 

142 A Holy Family, by Correggio. 

143 Head of Judas, by Lanfranco. 

144 The Woman of Samaria, by S. Ricci. 

145 The Expulsion of Heresy, by Tintoretto. 

146 The Virgin and Child, with St. Andrew and St. Michael, 

by /. de Mabuse. 

* The Queen of Bohemia is represented in a green dress, embroidered 
with silver. This amiable princess, who saw only a phantom of royalty, 
and had nothing more than the empty title of Queen, bore her misfor- 
tunes with that dignified composure which can alone emanate from a 
truly virtuous mind. Her many privations, her long adversity, her years 
of disappointments, only increased her resignation to the will of Heaven. 
So engaging was her behaviour, that she was, in the Low Countries, called 
the Queen of Hearts. This picture was bequeathed by Sir Henry Wot- 
ton to Charles II., when Prince of Wales. 



THE KING'S DRAWING ROOM. 31 

147 Madonna and Child, by Parmegiano. 

148 Death of Adonis, by Van Orlay. 

149 Roman Emperor on Horseback, by G. Romano, 
The fifth Chamber is 

THE KING'S DRAWING ROOM. 

150 David with Goliath's Head, by B. Fetti, 

151 A Holy Family, by Dosso Dossi. 

152 The Family of Pordenone, by himself. 

153"! Christ's Agony in the Garden, and the Angels 

154 J appearing to the Shepherds, by N. Poussin, 

155 Nabob Walajah of Arcot,* by Willison. 

156 Cupids and Goats, by Polidoro. 

157 Apotheosis of a Saint, by Bassano. 

158 A Venetian Senator, by Pordenone, 

159 A Knight of Malta, by Tintoretto, 

160 The Presentation of Queen Esther, by Tintoretto, 

The painter has chosen the passage where Esther is 
fainting into the arms of one of her maids, and has 
represented the King, in agitation, rising from his 
throne and approaching the Queen. The composition 
is very fine, and the story is well told. 

161 The Wise Men's Offering, by Carlo Cagliare. 

162 The Offering of the Magi, by Luca Giordano. 

163 The Cornaro Family, by Old Stone, after Titian. 

164 The Muses, by Tintoretto. f 

165 Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, by Gentileschi. 

166 George III. reviewing the 10th Light Dragoons (now 

Hussars). The Prince of Wales on his right, giving 
the word of command ; the Duke of York is on the 
left of his Father ; Sir William Fawcett is on the 
ground, and General Goldsworthy and Sir David 
Dundas are on horseback beside the Duke of York : 
by Sir William Beechey.X 

* Nabob of Arcot. Full length, leaning on his sword, in a white 
dress, the body covered with strings of large pearls and diamonds, stand- 
ing on a rich carpet, under a lofty archway ; on the upper part of the 
column are inscribed his titles; viz., Navab Walajah, Ammeer Ulhind, 
Amdut ul Mulk, Ausaful Daulah, Behader Zaffer Jung, Sepoy Salar, 
Navab of the Carnatick, Invariable Friend to the King of England and 
British Nation, 1774. 

f Tintoretto, born at Venice, 1512, died 1594. He obtained his 
name from being the son of a dyer, his paternal name, Robusti ; his 
rapidity of painting occasioned him to be called Furioso Tintoretto, or 
the Impetuous. His manner of painting is bold and spirited, with 
strong lights opposed to deep shadows, and his colouring, particularly 
his carnations, approach very near to those of Titian. The Muses, and 
Queen Esther, are very fine specimens of this master. 

X This distinguished artist and favourite of King George III. was 



32 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

167 A Holy Family, by Parmegiano, 
The sixth apartment is 

KING WILLIAM IIl/s BED ROOM, 

In which is now placed the state bed of Queen Charlotte. 
The furniture is a most beautiful specimen of embroidered 
needle- work, executed at an institution for the orphan daugh- 
ters of clergymen, which was under the patronage of her Ma- 
jesty. The ceiling was painted by Verrio, and is in good 
preservation: it represents Night and Morning. The clock, 
which stands at the head of the bed, goes twelve months without, 
winding up, and was made by Daniel Quare. Round the room 
are the celebrated portraits of Charles the Second's Court. 

168 Roman Emperor on Horseback, by G. Romano. 

169 Flower-piece, by Baptiste. 

170 Lady Byron,* by Sir Peter Lely. 

171 Princess Mary, as Diana, by Lely. 

172 — 179 Eight small Portraits of Ladies whose names 

are unknown, by Russell, after Vandyck. 
180 Anne, Duchess of York,f by Lely. 



born in 1753, at Burford, in Oxfordshire, and died in 1839. He was 
admitted a student of the Royal Academy in 1772, and by constant 
application to his studies, and exhibiting his pictures in Somerset House, 
he acquired so good a reputation, that he was elected an associate of the 
Academy in 1793. In the same year he painted a whole-length portrait 
of Queen Charlotte, who honoured him by making him her Majesty's 
portrait painter. Beechey painted this picture in 1798, and it was con- 
sidered the chef-d'oeuvre of the artist ; he was elected a member of the 
Royal Academy, and had the honour of knighthood conferred on him by 
the King the same year. 

* Lady Byron. Lord Orford says, that this picture is improperly 
designated, and that it represents Lady Bellasys. There is also a dispute 
about who painted this portrait ; some say, that being admitted into the 
List of the Beauties of the Court of Charles II. it must be by Sir Peter 
Lely ; others, by Vandyke, from the colouring of the background of the 
picture, and the two cherubs who are descending to crown her, being so 
like his style of painting, but it is more generally supposed to be by 
James Huysman , who was a disciple of Rubens, and afterwards became a 
competitor with Vandyke in Flanders. He came to England, and painted 
portraits so successfully as to rival Sir Peter Lely. 

t Anne Hyde, whole length, in a rich amber-coloured satin dress, was 
the eldest daughter of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon. The dreaded 
elevation of this beautiful and accomplished lady to the honour of a union 
with the heir presumptive to the English crown naturally produced her 
many enemies at the court of Charles II. Hers was a private marriage 
with the Duke of York, and the libertine nobles and other courtiers, not 
knowing that that event had taken place, whispered many scandalous 
falsehoods to her prejudice, even in the ear of the Duke, hoping to pre- 
vent their nuptials. The Duke, with the generosity of a noble mind, 
punished her calumniators by immediately introducing them to the 



KING WILLIAM III.'s BED ROOM. 33 

181 Mrs. Knott,* by Verelst. 

182 Queen Catherine,f by Lely. 

183 — 187 Five small Portraits of Ladies whose names are 
unknown, by Mussell, after Vandyck. 

188 Duchess of Portsmouth,} by Gasker. 

189 Duchess of Richmond, § by Lely, 

190 Nell Gwynne,|| by Lely. 

duchess as his wife, and in the presence of the Lord Chancellor, her 
much-honoured father. She possessed, together with a large portion of 
her father's understanding, the beauty and accomplishments of her own 
sex, in an extraordinary degree. She died before the Duke's accession, 
leaving two daughters, Queen Mary and Queen Anne. 

* Mrs. Knott : she was one of the maids of honour to Queen Cathe- 
rine, and married to Mr. Thomas Knott, one of the gentlemen ushers of 
the Privy Chamber to King Charles II. 

f Catherine of Braganza, wife to Charles II. This princess, bred to 
the pious observance of all the ceremonies of the Catholic religion, was 
extremely shocked at the licentiousness of her husband's conduct: yet, 
when the first emotions of her grief subsided, she appears to have con- 
ceived a sincere passion for him, and ever after to have loved him with 
tenderness. The strength of her affection is proved by a singular cir- 
cumstance : — Being given over by her physicians, and at the point of 
death, she was visited by the King, and supposing it would be the last 
time she should ever speak to him, told him, that the concern he showed 
for her death was enough to make her quit life with regret ; but that not 
possessing charms sufficient to merit his tenderness, she had at least the 
consolation in dying to give place to a consort who might be more worthy 
of it, and to whom Heaven, perhaps, might grant a blessing that had 
been refused to her. At these words she bathed his hands with some 
tears, which she thought would be her last. He mingled his own with 
hers, and, without supposing she would take him at his word, conjured 
her to live for his sake. The sudden impulse produced by this unexpected 
kindness gave a check to the disorder, and saved her life ; she outlived 
the King nearly twenty years. 

J Louise de Querouaille was sent over to England in 1670, by Louis 
XIV., in the train of the Duchess of Orleans, to bind Charles II. to the 
French interest. This she did effectually, and the business of the English 
court was constantly carried on with a subserviency to that of France. 
She was created Duchess of Portsmouth in 1673. She had only one son, 
Charles Lennox, who was created Duke of Richmond in 1675. Her 
beauty, which was not of the most delicate kind, seemed to be very little 
impaired at seventy years of age. She died in 1734, at the advanced age 
of eighty-nine. 

§ Charles II. is said to have been so enamoured of this lady, as to in- 
tend making her his consort ; but while the requisite proceedings for a 
divorce from Queen Catherine were in progress, she was married, it is 
supposed, by the contrivance of Lord Clarendon, to Charles, Duke of 
Richmond. 

j| Mrs. Eleanor Gwynne, better known by the familiar name of Nell, 
was, at her first setting out in the world, a person of the lowest rank, and 
sold oranges in the play-house. Nature seems to have qualified her for 
the theatre. Her person, though below the middle size, was well formed ; 
she had a good natural air, and a sprightliness that promised everything 
in comedy. She was instructed by Hart and Lacy, who were both actors 

c 3 



34 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

191 Countess of Rochester,* by Lely. 

192 Duchess of Somerset,f by Verelst. 

193 Lady Middleton,^ by Lely. 

194 Mrs. Lawson,§ by Verelst. 

195 Lady Whitmore, by Lely. 

] 96 Countess of Northumberland,^" by Lely. 
197 Countess of Ossory,** by Lely. 



of eminence, and, in a short time, she became eminent herself in the 
same profession. She acted the most spirited and fantastic parts, and 
spoke a prologue or epilogue with admirable address. She is said to 
have been kept by the Earl of Dorset before she was retained by the 
King, and to have been introduced to the latter by the Duke of Buck- 
ingham, with a view of supplanting the Duchess of Cleveland. Nell, who 
knew how to mimic everything ridiculous about the court, presently in- 
gratiated herself with her merry sovereign, and retained a considerable 
place in his affection to the time of his death ; she survived the King 
about seven years. Her son was created Duke of St. Alban's. 

* Lady Rochester, daughter of the first Earl of Burlington, the first 
wife of Lawrence Hyde, second son of Lord Chancellor Clarendon, who 
was created Viscount Hyde and Baron of Wotton Basset in 1681, and 
Earl of Rochester in 1682. 

f Duchess of Somerset. Of this lady nothing certain is known, but 
she is supposed to be one of the wives of Charles Seymour, Duke of 
Somerset, who was twice married. 

X It is said of this frail fair one, that her affectation of wit and prosing 
conversation was so remarkable, that this part of her character con- 
tinued to be the subject of recollection when her beauty was but faintly 
remembered. 

§ Mrs. Lawson, one of the maids of honour to Queen Catherine. 

H Lady Whitmore, daughter of Sir William Brooke ; she was esteemed 
a great beauty, as well as her sister Lady Denham ; she was introduced 
at the Court of Charles II. by the Earl of Bristol, to whom she was 
related, and was intended for the admiration of his Majesty. She, how- 
ever, gave her fair hand to Sir Thomas Whitmore. 

^[ Countess of Northumberland. This lady was Elizabeth, daughter 
and co-heir of Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, Lord High 
Treasurer of England. She was the wife of Joseline, eleventh and last 
Earl of Northumberland of the direct male line. After the death of the 
Earl, in 1670, she married Ralph Lord Montagu, by whom she had a son, 
afterwards John, Duke of Montagu. By her first husband she had a 
daughter, Elizabeth Percy, who inheriting her mother's estates belonging to 
the Southampton family was one of the greatest heiresses in England. 

** Countess of Ossory. This lady was the eldest of the four daughters of 
Louis Nassau, Lord of Beverwert, natural son of the renowned Prince 
Maurice, and nephew to King Charles the First. She married one of 
the most noble gentlemen of the age, Thomas Earl of Ossory, son of the 
first Duke of Ormond. King Charles II. had a great esteem for the 
Earl, and he was beloved by the nation. It is said of him, that his virtue 
was unspotted in the centre of a luxurious court, his integrity unblemished 
amidst the vices of his times, and his honour untainted through the course 
of his life. Such a nobleman, it may reasonably be presumed, had an 
exemplary wife. The Countess appears to have lived a beauty without 
reproach. 



THE KING'S DRESSING ROOM. 35 

198 Lady Denham,* by Lely. 

199 Duchess of Cleveland,f by Lely. 

200 Countess of Sunderland, £ by Lely. 

201 Countess de Grammont,§ by Lely. 

202 Flower-piece, by Baptiste. 

203 Triumph of Venus, by G. Romano. 
The seventh chamber is 

THE KING'S DRESSING ROOM. 

The ceiling, painted by Verrio> is Mars reposing in the 
lap of Venus, with Cupid stealing his Armour. 

204 A Shepherd, by Collins. 

205 Charity, by Carlo Cignani. 

206 Cupid and Psyche, by Vandyck. 

207 Vulcan delivering the Armour of Achilles to Thetis, by 

A. Balestra. 

208 Landscape, by Edema. 

209 Poultry, by Hondekoeter. 

210 Landscape, by Loten. 

211 Achilles presented to the Centaur, by A. Balestra. 

212 Landscape, by Edema. 

213 The Infant Christ and St. John, by Carlo Maratti. 

214 Head of Christ. 

215 St. John with the Lamb, by Kneller. 

216 Head of the Virgin. 

217 A Warrior, by Guercino. 

218 A Sibyl, by Gentileschi. 

219 A Magdalen's Head, by Sasso Ferrato. 

220 A Shepherdess, by Collins. 

221 Five DraAvings, representing the Interior of the Coionna 

Gallery. 

* This lady, at the age of eighteen, entered the married state with 
Sir John Denham, then seventy-nine, and having afterwards unhappily- 
yielded to the temptations of that licentious period, is generally believed 
to have fallen a victim to female jealousy, a poisonous infusion being 
mixed with her chocolate. 

f Bishop Burnet describes the character of her Grace in no very flat- 
tering terms : he says, " She was a woman of great beauty, but enor- 
mously wicked, ravenous, foolish, and imperious." She was Countess 
of Castlemain in right of her first husband, but was created Duchess of 
Cleveland in 1670, as a peace-offering after one of the violent quarrels 
that frequently ensued between her and the king. 

% Countess of Sunderland, daughter of George Digby, Earl of Bristol 
she was married to the Earl of Sunderland, son of the Countess who was 
celebrated by the Poet Waller under the name of the "beautiful Sacha- 
rissa." 

§ The Countess de Grammont was one of the brightest ornaments of 
the Court ; her reputation was unspotted, and the charms of her person 
are reported to have been equalled by the solidity of her understanding. 



36 



GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 



The eighth room is 



THE KING S WRITING CLOSET, 

222 Flower-piece, by Bogdane. 

223 A Village Repast, by G. F. Cepper. 

224 Flower-piece, by Baptiste. 

225 The Triumph of Flora, by S. Ricci. 

226 A Sea-piece, by Monamy. 

227 The Painter in his Study, by G. F. Cepper. 

228 Flower-piece, by Baptiste. 

229 Poultry, by Bogdane. 

230 Judith with the Head of Holofernes, by Guido. 

231 A Turkey Carpet, by Maltese. 

232 Flower-piece, by Bogdane. 

233 A Female Saint, by P. Perugino. 

234 Small whole-length Portrait of a Man, by F. Mais. 

235 Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, by L. Van Leyden. 

236 Joseph bound, by L. Van Leyden. 

237 Tritons carrying off a Nymph, by C. D. Arpino. 

238 David with Goliath's Head. 

24Q | Still Life, by Be Heem. 

241 Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and Family, by G. Hon- 

tltorst. 
The ninth and last in this suite is 

queen mary's closet. 

242 Head of a Saint, by Parmegiano. 

243 David and Goliath, by Titian. 

244 A Sacrifice, by J. Romano. 

245 George, Duke of Buckingham, and Francis his brother, 

after Vandyck. 

246 Still Life, by Kalf. 

247 A Holy Family, by G. Romano, after Raphael. 

248 A Boy with Puppies, by Castiglione. 

249 Singing by Candlelight, by Honthorst. 

250 The Continence of Scipio, by S. Ricci. 

251 A Landscape, by Adrian Henn. 

252 King William III., when young, by Hanneman. 

253 Hercules and the Centaur, by B. Lens. 

254 The Queen of Charles I. (a drawing), by Gibson. 

255 The Head of Cyrus, by Russell. 

256 A Landscape, by P. Brill. 

257 A Shepherd with a Pipe, by Giorgione. 

258 The Daughter of Herodias with the Head of John the 

Baptist, by Leonardo da Vinci. 

259 Children with a Lamb, bv F. Floris. 



HER MAJESTY'S GALLERY. 37 

260 Virgin and Child, by V. Mola. 

261 The Maid of the Inn, by Rosalba* 

262 King of Prussia. 

From Queen Mary's Closet the company enter 

HER MAJESTY'S GALLERY. 

A room of large extent, and containing some tine and 
very curious old portraits. 

263 King William III., by Wissing. 

264 Sir Theodore Mayerne,f by Rubens, 

265 Anne of Denmark, by Van Somer. 

266 A Jewish Rabbi, by Gainsborough, after Rembrandt. 

267 Judge Crooke. 

268 Sir Nicholas Bacon. 

269 Henry Prince of Wales. 

270 Sir Peter Carew. 

271 A Portrait of a Gentleman. 

272 The King and Queen of Bohemia, dining in Public, J by 

Van Bassen. 

273 Queen Elizabeth (supposed to be the last portrait takers 

of her), by Mark Garrard. 

274 A small octagon Portrait of a Gentlemen, by Gonzales. 

275 A Portrait of a Lady, by Sir A. More. 

* Rosalba advanced this department of art beyond all her competitors. 
She first studied portrait painting in oil, but changed her style for 
miniature and crayons; and her heads in this last material are beautiful, 
being graceful in attitude, natural and brilliant in colour, and delicately 
soft in execution. She was constantly employed at most of the courts 
in Europe. Her works are not numerous in England, but are justly 
held in high esteem. From great application, she became blind at the 
age of seventy; born in 1675, died in 1757. 

f Sir Theodore Mayerne, an eminent physician, was born at Geneva, 
in 1573. He was physician to Henry IV. of France, but on the death 
of that monarch he came to England, and was appointed physician to 
James I., who conferred on him the order of knighthood. He con- 
tinued in the same favour with Charles I., to whom he adhered faithfully 
in the rebellion. He died in 1655. 

J This very interesting picture exhibits the royal table spread accord- 
ing to the custom of that period, when the sovereign, on stated days, 
ate in public. The gentleman-carver stands on the opposite side of the 
table from his majesty ; whilst carving a dish, he is attacked by the queen's 
monkey, who, playfully springing upon him, obliges him to hold his head 
back in a ridiculous position, whilst he yet continues his operation with 
the knife and fork. The costume of the various attendants, the fashion 
of the furniture, the taste and form of tke silver dishes, and the style of 
the apartments afford a complete notion of the manner of living in the 
great mansions nearly two hundred years ago. In the back-ground are 
groups of spectators beholding the royal repast, who are prevented, by 
the yeomen of the guard, with their partisans crossed, from advancing 
further into the room than the prescribed spot allotted for the gratifica- 
tion of public curiosity. 



38 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

276 A Portrait of a Lady, by Sir A. More. 

277 Portrait of a Lady, supposed to be Queen Mary 1., by 

Sir A. More. 

278 James I., in his Robes, a copy, by F. Read, from a 

picture at Ham House, by Van Somer. 

279 Shakspeare. 

280 Queen Elizabeth,* when Young, by Holbein. 

281 Queen Elizabeth, when a Child, by Holbein. 

282 Queen Mary I., when a Child, by Holbein. 

283 Christ in the House of Mary and Martha, by Vriese, 

284 The Countess of Lennox, by Sir A. More. 

285 A Portrait of a Man, by Q. Matsys. 

286 Earl of Nottingham. 

287 Sir Theobald Gorges. 

288 Sir John Parker, a Gentleman Pensioner to Queen 

Elizabeth and James I., and by that King made 
Captain of Pendennis Castle, in Cornwall. Inscribed 
on the picture, his motto, " Pro Fide et Patria" 
also his arms, and the date 1589. Painted by 
Jeronimo Custodis, of Antwerp, an artist quite un- 
known in England. 

289 Earl of Leicester. 

290 Sir Francis Walsingham. 

291 Philip 11. of Spain, f by Sir A. More. 

292 A small octagon Portrait of a Gentleman, by Gonzales. 

293 Queen Elizabeth, J by Zucckero. 

* Queen Elizabeth, when about twelve years of age. This is a most 
interesting picture. The young princess has an agreeable expression of 
countenance. The complexion is fair, the hair light red ; over a white 
petticoat, richly embroidered with gold, she has a crimson dress, adorned 
at the waist and neck with jewels and pearls, and a cap of the same 
colour also embroidered with jewels. In her long thin hands, she holds 
a prayer-book. The picture is most elaborately finished throughout. 

T Philip II. was the son of Charles V.; he married Queen Maiy in 1554. 
Though the abilities of Philip were more adapted to the cabinet than the 
field, he was generally the dupe of his own politics. His ambition ever 
prompted him to enterprises which he had neither courage nor address 
to execute. His bigotry and cruelty were so great that the Low Coun- 
tries revolted, and those called the United Provinces succeeded in throw- 
ing off the Spanish yoke. In 1588, Philip fitted out his famous expedi- 
tion, called the Invincible Armada, for the invasion of England. This 
fleet was nearly all destroyed by the storm, or the English ships. 

X Queen Elizabeth is represented with a fan of feathers in her right 
hand. The canvass is so completely covered with the gaudy and cumbrous 
ornaments of her dress, that the painter would have found it extremely 
difficult to introduce a new object. Her hair is of a sandy colour, her 
complexion rather fair. " A pale Roman nose," says Horace Walpole, 
u a head of hair loaded with crowns, and powdered with diamonds, a 
vast ruff, a vaster fardingale, and a bushel of pearls, are the features by 
which everybody knows at once the pictures of Queen Elizabeth." This 
description is truly applicable to the present picture. 



HER MAJESTY'S GALLERY. 39 

294 Charles I. and Queen dining in Public, by Van Bassen. 

295 A Portrait of a Lady of the Court of Henry VIII. , by 

L. Corneliz. 

296 A Portrait of a Lady of the Court of Henry VIII., by 

L. Corneliz. 

297 The Aunt of the Emperor Charles V., by Corneliz. 

298 A Portrait of a Lady of the Court of Henry VIII. , by 

L. Corneliz. 

299 Queen Elizabeth in a fancy dress,* by Zucchero. 

300 Elizabeth Woodville.f 

301 Queen Elizabeth, % by L. de Heere. 

302 Lazarus Spinola, Uncle to Spinola,§ Governor in the Low 

Countries, by W. Kay. 

303 A Portrait of a Lady of the Court of Henry VIII. , by 

L. Corneliz. 

304 A Portrait, by A. Durer. 

* Queen Elizabeth, in a fantastic habit, something like a Persian. 
She is drawn in a forest, a stag behind her, and on a tree are inscribed 
these mottoes : — " Injustijusta querela; Mea, sic mihi ; Dolor est medi- 
cina ad tori. ,y 

On a scroll, at the bottom of the picture, are the following verses, said 
to have been written by Spenser, but it is more generally supposed that 
they are Her Majesty's own composition : — 

The restles swallow fits my restles minde, 

In still revivinge, still renewinge wrongs ; 

Her just complaint of cruelty unkinde 

Are all the musique that my life prolonges, 

With pensive thought my weeping stagg I crowne, 

Whose melancholy teares my cares expresse ; 

Hes teares in sylence, and my sighes unknowne, 

Are all the physicke that my harmes redresse. 

My only hope was in this goodly tree, 

Which I did plant in love, bring up in care ; 

But all in vaine, for now to late I see 

The shales be mine, the kernels others are. 

My musique may be plaintes, my physique teares, 

If this be all the fruite my love-tree beares. 
f Elizabeth Woodville, widow of Sir John Grey, who was slain in the 
battle of Bernard's Heath ; after his death she applied to Edward IV. for 
the restoration of his estate, when that Monarch fell in love with and 
married her. The Princess Elizabeth was the fruit of this marriage, who 
married Henry VII. and thus united the houses of York and Lancaster. 
X An allegorical picture of Queen Elizabeth, when 36 years of age. 
She is represented in a splendid dress with the orb and sceptre, attended 
by her maids of honour; at which Venus is abashed, Minerva is asto- 
nished, and Juno put to flight. 

§ Spinola, a celebrated General, was born in Spain, of a family origi- 
nally from Genoa. He bore arms early in life, and in 1604 took Ostend, 
after which he was named Commander in Chief of the Spanish forces in 
the Low Countries, where he opposed Maurice, Prince of Nassau, with 
great skill and bravery. He afterwards signalised himself in Italy. He 
died in 1630. 



40 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

305 Head of a Young Man. School of Van Byck. 

306 Giovanni de Bellini, by himself. 

307 Lord Zouch,* by My tens. 

308 Henry VII. and his Queen Elizabeth ; Henry VIII. and 

his Queen Jane Seymour, by Remee, after Holbein. f 

309 The Children of Henry VII., by Jan de Mabuse. 

310 The King of Bohemia, by C. Janssen. 

311 The Children of the King of Bohemia, by C. Poelem 

berg. 

312 The Queen of Bohemia, by C. Janssen. 

313 Henry VIII. when youn;?, by Holbein. 

314 The Earl of Surrey,! by Holbein. 

315 Mary of Lorraine,^ Mother of Mary Queen of Scots. 

316 Francis II. || of France, when a Boy, by Janette. 

* Lord Zouch, whole-length, seated, with his left hand on a table, 
leaning on a stick. He was one of the peers who sat on the trial of Mary, 
Queen of Scots. He died, 1625. 

f This copy, from a large picture by Holbein, painted on the wall at 
Whitehall, in 1537, was made by command of Charles II. In 1667 the 
original was consumed by the fire which destroyed that palace during the 
reign of King William III. 

£ Earl of Surrey, whole length, in a scarlet dress. This very interest- 
ing picture, representing a curious illustration of the costume of the w gay 
and gallant," at the court of Henry VIII. The character of Henry 
Howard, Earl of Surrey, reflects splendour even on the name of Howard. 
With the true spirit and dignity of an English nobleman, and with a per- 
sonal courage almost romantic, he united a politeness and urbanity then 
almost peculiar to himself, and all those mild and sweet dispositions 
which blandish private life ; he possessed talents capable of directing or 
thwarting the most important state affairs, but he was too honourable 
to be in the interest either of tyranny or rebellion, and the violent reign 
under which he had the misfortune to live admitted of no medium. He 
applied those talents therefore to softer studies. The Earl of Surrey was 
famous for the tenderness and elegance of his poetry, in which he excelled 
all the writers of his time. The fair Geraldine, the fame of whose beauty 
was raised by his pen and his lance, is said to have been Elizabeth, second 
daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare. The great and shining 
talents of this accomplished nobleman excited the jealousy of Henry VIII.. 
who strongly suspected that he aspired to the crown. He was condemned 
and executed for high treason, after the formality of a trial, in 1547. 

§ Mary of Lorraine, half-length in a black dress, with a book in her 
right hand; inscribed on the picture her name and arms, the date 1611. 
She was the daughter to Claude Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and Antoinette 
de Bourbon, and married James V. King of Scotland, by whom she had 
Mary, Queen of Scots. This picture was painted for her grandson, King 
James First of England, from some other portrait; she died in 1560. 

|| Francis II. was the eldest son of Henry II. and of Catheriuede Medici, 
born in 1543. He married, in 1558, Mary Queen of Scots, only daughter 
of James V. of Scotland. On the death of his father, in 1559, Francis 
became king, being then sixteen years of age. He entrusted the govern- 
ment to the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, uncles of Mary 
Stuart. This was the beginning of the civil and religious wars which 
desolated France for half a century. Francis died in 1560, of an abscess 
in his ear. 



HER MAJESTY'S GALLERY. 41 

317 Mary Queen of Scots, by Janette. 

318 Lord Darnley and his Brother Charles Stuart, by Lucas 

de Heerc. 

319 Queen of Francis I. of France,* by Janette, 

320 Sir John Gage.f 

321 Francis I. and the Duchess of Valentino. 

322 Holbein, by himself. 

323 Frobenius,J by Holbein. 

324 Erasmus, § by Holbein ; the background painted by 

Steenwyck. 

325 Reskemeer, by Holbein. 

326 Henry VIII., by Holbein. 

327 Henry Prince of Wales, son of James L, and Lord Har- 

rington, bv L. de Heere. 

328 The Battle of Pavia,|| by Holbein. 

* Leonora, Queen of Portugal, sister of the Emperor Charles V., aud 
afterwards second wife of Francis I. of France, a half-length portrait on 
panel. She is represented in a red satin dress, with a golden stomacher, 
and white fur round her neck, in her hair pearls and jewels, and in 
her right hand a letter from her brother, bearing a very complimentary 
superscription in Spanish — " To the Queen my Sister." 

f Sir John Gage, whole length, in the garter robes, with a white staff 
as Lord Chamberlain to Queen Mary. He held various offices under 
Henry VIII. and Edward VI. Queen Mary appointed him constable of 
the Tower, in which situation he had the painful duty of attending Lady 
Jane Grey to the scaffold. He died 1557. 

X John Frobenius, a German printer, who flourished at Basil in the 
16th century, and was greatly esteemed by Erasmus, whose works he 
printed, as he did those of Augustine and Jerome. He died in 1529. 
This is one of the finest of Holbein's, and for character and expression 
equals any of the Italian Masters. 

§ It was Erasmus who introduced Holbein to this country. Holbein 
was the intimate friend of Erasmus, and at his request the painter left 
his native town of Basle, and visited London, where Erasmus procured 
him the patronage of Sir Thomas More. "With More, Holbein continued 
during three years, painting various members of the family of his illus- 
trious patron. It was at the house of More that Henry VIII. first be- 
came acquainted with Holbein, and being delighted with the productions 
of his pencil, he took him home, and employed him during the remainder 
of his life. 

|| Battle of Pavia. At this memorable battle, wherein the Constable 
de Bourbon having joined Lannoy, Viceroy of Naples and Pescara, they 
attacked the French army then before Pavia, utterly defeated it, and 
took the French King, Francis I., prisoner. The Emperor Charles V. 
conveyed him to Madrid, under the hope of exacting an exorbitant sum 
for his ransom. The king rejected the demand with disdain ; and falling 
sick with anxiety and disappointment, would have died but for the affec- 
tionate attentions of his sister, who followed him to the place of his cap. 
tivity, and ministered to his wants. Francis, fearing that he might be 
induced to submit to terms of peace injurious to his country, sent home 
a resignation of his crown. This interesting composition may justly be 
esteemed amongst the greatest historical curiosities of that period, as it 



42 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

329 The Jester of Henry VIII.,* by Holbein. 

330 Francis I. of France,f by Holbein. 

331 Erasmus, by Holbein. 

332 A French Nobleman, by Holbein. 

333 Duke of Richmond and Lennox,J by Van Somer. 

describes most faithfully the manner of battalia, when the long pike, 
muskets with match-locks, and other unwieldy small arms, were in use. 

* William Somers. Among the many curious portraits illustrative of 
the manners and customs of our ancestors, we know not of one that is 
more interesting than this. Will Somers stands foremost in the list of 
those eccentric characters that we read of in the history of the courts of 
former times, ycleped jesters or fools, who were privileged by their wit 
to say severe things, even to the admonishing of their royal masters, 
when such a liberty from the lips of a wise and good minister would have 
cost him his head. This extraordinary buffoon is pourtrayed behind a 
glazed lattice, tapping the glass with his knuckles, seemingly to arrest the 
passenger, to play off some lively sally of his wit. His countenance is 
replete with that expression of peculiar humour, which speaks a volume 
upon the character of such whimsical retainers of the court. Will Somers 
was sometime a servant in the family of Richard Farmor, Esq,, of Eston 
Neston, in Northamptonshire, ancestor to the Earl of Pomfret. This 
gentleman was found guilty, in the reign of Henry VIII., of sending 
eightpence and a couple of shirts jto a priest convicted of denying the 
king's supremacy, who was then a prisoner in the gaol at Buckingham. 
The rapacious monarch seized whatever he was possessed of, and reduced 
him to a state of miserable dependance. Will Somers, touched with 
compassion for his unhappy master, is said to have dropped some ex- 
pressions in the king's last illness which reached the conscience of that 
merciless prince, and to have caused the remains of his estate, which had 
been much dismembered, to be restored to him. There cannot, perhaps, 
be a greater proof of the estimation in which our jester was held by King 
Henry, than the circumstance of his portrait and that of his wife being 
introduced into the same picture with that of the King and his family 
now in this palace. (See No. 510 in the Catalogue.) 

f Francis I. was the son of Charles of Orleans, and of Louisa of 
Savoy, born in 1494. Louis XII. took charge of the infant heir of 
Angouleme at the death of his father, and afterwards gave him his 
daughter Claude in marriage. Francis distinguished himself in the 
defence of the frontiers on the side of Spain and Flanders, and suc- 
ceeded to the throne at the age of twenty-one. A war broke out 
between him and the Emperer Charles V., in which Francis lost a con- 
siderable part of his territories, was made prisoner, and conveyed to 
Madrid; in 1526, he regained his liberty, and set foot on France a little 
more than a year after the battle of Pavia, exclaiming, "I am yet a 
King." His second wife was Eleanor Queen Dowager of Portugal. By 
his first wife he had three sons and four daughters. He was the patron 
and friend of art and literature, (Leonora de Vinci is said to have died in 
his arms,) and possessed a generous and chivalric spirit ; had he been 
content to reign in peace, France might have been happy under his 
rule. He died in 1547. 

X Duke of Richmond, whole length, in a red dress, with the order of 
the garter, holding the staff of Lord Steward of his Majesty's household. 
This nobleman was son to Esme Stuart, Duke of Lennox in Scotland, and 
grandson to John, Lord d'Aubignie, younger brother to Matthew, Earl of 



HER MAJESTY S GALLERY. 43 

334 James I., by Van Somer. 

335 The Admirable Crichton.* 

336 The Father and Mother of Holbein, by Holbein. 

337 Lady Vaux, by Holbein. 

338 A Portrait of a Lady of the Court of Henry VIII. 

339 1 

« 40 \ Two Small Sea Pieces, by Swaine. 

341 Buildings in a Garden Scene, by Steenwyck. 

342 A Landscape, by Ferg. 

343 Countess of Derby, by L. de Heere. 

344 Sir George Carew, by Holbein. 

345 Portrait of a Lady, by Sir A. More. 

346 A Laughing Boy, by F. Hals. 

347 Portrait of a Lady, by Sir A. More. 

348 A medallion of Henry VIII., by Torrigiano.f 

349 Holbein (a drawing), by himself. 

350 The Wife of Holbein (a drawing), by Holbein, 

351 St. Peter in Prison, by Steenwyck. 

352 A Sorceress, by Elshehner. 

353 James II., when young, by Honthorst. 

Lennox, who was grandfather to James I. On the 17th of May, 21st of 
James I., he was created Earl of Newcastle and Duke of Richmond. He 
had a great share of the king's confidence and esteem, which indeed he 
merited, as he was a man of an excellent character. He married three 
wives ; his first was of the family of Ruthven ; his second of that of 
Campbell ; and his last. Frances, daughter of Thomas, Viscount Howard 
of Bindon. He died suddenly in 1623. 

* James Crichton, a celebrated Scotchman, whose personal and mental 
endowments were of such an extraordinary character, that he received 
the name of " The Admirable Crichton." He was born about 1550, in 
the county of Perth, of a good family, and educated at St. Andrew's, 
where he made a rapid progress in the languages and sciences. At 
the age of twenty he visited Paris, where he acquired uncommon reputa- 
tion as a disputant, and for his skill and activity in games of all sorts, 
as well as martial exercises. He next went to Rome, and displayed his 
talents in the presence of the Pope and Cardinals. From thence he 
travelled to Venice, where he became intimate with the learned Aldus 
Manutius, who dedicated to him the paradoxes of Cicero, in a strain 
of high-flown panegyric, which borders on the ridiculous. At Padua he 
held disputations with the most learned professors. We next find him 
at Mantua, where he is reported to have slain a famous fencing-master in 
a duel, who had never been foiled before. The Duke of Mantua was so 
pleased with Crichton as to appoint him tutor to his son, who was a 
very licentious young man. This appointment, however, proved fatal to 
him, for one night, as he was walking through the streets in carnival 
time, he was attacked by six assassins, and after a gallant defence lost 
his life. It is said that the person who gave him the fatal stroke was 
the prince his pupil. 

f Torrigiano, a Florentine sculptor, who came to England in the reign 
of Henry VII., and is supposed to have built the tomb of that Monarch 
in Westminster Abbey. 



44 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

354 Portrait of Cornelius Ketel. 

355 Portrait of a Lady, by P. Perugino. 

356 A whole-length Portrait of a Youth unknown. 

357 A Penitent received into the Church, by Barroccio. 

358 A Landscape, by Paul Brill. 

359 A Landscape with Nymphs, by Poelemberg, 

360 The Discovery of Calisto, by Brueghel. 

361 A Landscape with Nymphs, by Poelemberg . 

362 Christ blessing Little Children, by Huens. 

363 The Tribute Money, by Dietricy. 

364 A Hermit, by Slinglandt. 

365 Dead Game, by Weenix. 

366 Youth, by Denner. 

367 Venus and Adonis, by Gennari. 

368 Dead Game, by Van Aelst. 

369 Inside of a Farm House, by Tenters. 

370 Prince Rupert, when a Boy,* by Mytens. 

371 Portrait of a Gentleman. 

372 Portrait of a Youth. 

373 The Woman taken in Adultery, by Dietricy. 

374 Dead Game, by Weenix. 

375 Lot and his Daughters, by Schalken. 

376 Lions in a Landscape, by R. Savery. 

377 Age, by Denner. 

378 A Portrait of a Gentleman, by Bassano. 

379 A curious Portrait of a Child, by G. C. Milani. 

380 A Man in Armour, by Correggio. 

381 A Sea Piece, by Vandevelde. 

382 A curious Portrait of a Child , four years old, supposed to 

be Queen Elizabeth, discharging a small cannon. 

383 Mary Magdalen at the Tomb of Christ, " Touch me 

not," by Holbein. 

384 Moses Striking the Rock, by S. Rosa. 

385 A Landscape, by Wynants. 

386 Cattle in a Landscape, by Vandevelde. 

387 Hay Stacking, by Wouvermans. 

* Prince Rupert, when a boy. This gallant prince early entered into 
military life, serving at the siege of Rhinberg, under Henry Prince of 
Orange, when only in his fourteenth year. He commanded a regiment 
whilst yet a youth in the German wars, and was taken prisoner at the 
battle of Vlota, remaining captive three years. He came to England at 
the commencement of the civil wars, and served his uncle Charles I. 
with great bravery, by whom he was created Earl of Holderness and 
"Duke of Cumberland. His harshness, however, lost him the King's 
favour, and he left England ; but in the reign of Charles II. his bravery 
and good conduct made ample atonement for his former errors. He was 
born at Prague, in 1619, and died Vice-admiral of England and Constable 
and Governor of Windsor Castle in the year 1682. 



HER MAJESTY'S GALLERY. 45 

388 A Landscape, by Holbein. 

389 Duke of Gloucester, by Sir P. Lely. 

390 The Marriage of St. Catherine, after Correggio. 

391 Infant Christ and St. John, by L. da Vinci. 

392 St. Catherine reading, by Correggio. 

393 St. Peter in Prison, by Steenwyck. 

394 A Warrior on Horseback, by Mazzolini di Ferrara. 

395 Dutch Boors, by Egbert Hemskerck. 

396 Louis XIV. when young, by Mignard. 

397 Hungarians at the Tomb of Ovid, by Schoonefield. 

398 A Scene from a Play, supposed to be Charles I. acting, 

by C. Poelemberg. 

399 A Dying Saint, by Vandyck. 

400 Landscape with Ruins, by Poelemberg. 

401 St. Jerome, after Albert Durer. 

402 Nymphs and Satyrs, by iV". Poussin. 

403 A Sibyl, by P. Bordone. 

404 The Rape of the Sabines, by Rothenhamer . 

405 St. Peter in Prison, by Steenwyck. 

406 Interior with figures, " Quakers Meeting," by Egbert 

Hemskerck. 

407 A Battle Piece, by Wouvermans. 

408 An East Indian Scene. 

409 A Saint's Head, by G. Douiv. 

410 Lucretia, by Titian. 

411 The Assumption of the Virgin, by D. Calvert. 

412 St. Catherine, by Luini. 

413 March of an Army, by Bourgognone. 

414 Grapes, by Verelst. 

415 Landscape with a Rainbow, by Rubens. 

416 A Venetian Gentleman, by Tintoretto. 

417 Sophonisba, by S. Gaetano. 

418 A Dead Christ, by N. Poussin. 

419 An Old Woman Reading, by G. Douiv, 

420 The Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, by L. Nottery. 

421 A Jewish Rabbi, by Rembrandt. 

422 Female by Candlelight, by Schalken. 

423 A small whole-length of a Lady, by Vandyck. 

424 Flowers, by D. Seghers. 

425 Nymphs and Satyrs, by Rubens. 

426 A Boar's Head, by Snyders. 

427 Nymphs in a Landscape, by Dietricy, 

428 Fruit and Still Life, by Cuyp. 

429 Flowers, by D. Seghers. 

430 Nymphs in a Landscape, by Poelemberg. 

431 Lot and his Daughters, by Poelemberg. 

432 A Dutch Lady, by Rembrandt. 



46 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

433 The Woman taken in Adultery; the figures by Old 

Franks, the architecture by Peter Neefs. 

434 Soldiers in a Landscape, by Bourgognone. 

435 A Woman Milking a Goat, by Berghem. 

436 St. Francis, by Teniers. 

437 A Boy paring Fruit, by Murillo. 

438 A Venetian Gentleman, by L. Bassano. 

439 Queen Mary, by Wissing. 

440 — 451 Between the Windows are Cybele, Pan, Mercury, 
Juno, Diana, Bacchus, Daphne, Apollo, Venus, Mars, 
Syrinx, Endymion, by S. Ricci. 
This gallery leads to 

THE QUEEN'S BED ROOM, 

Where there is now placed the state bed of Queen Anne, the 
rich velvet furniture and hangings of which were wrought 
at Spitalfields ; the chairs and stools are covered to corres- 
pond. The ceiling was painted by Sir James Thornhill, 
and represents Aurora rising out of the Sea. 

452 St. Peter. 

453 Head of an Old Man. 

454 Henry, Prince of Wales,* by Van Somer. 

455 James I.,+ by Van Somer. 



* Henry Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., was born at Stirling 
in 1594. He was a most amiable and accomplished prince, and a patron 
of learning and science. Granger says, " Arms, literature, and business 
engaged the attention of this excellent young prince, who seems to have 
had neither leisure nor inclination for the pursuits of vice or pleasure. 
The dignity of his behaviour and his manly virtues were respected by 
every rank and order of men. Though he was snatched away in the 
early prime of life, he had the felicity to die in the height of his popu- 
larity and fame, and before he had experienced any of the miseries which 
awaited the royal family. It is remarkable that the King, who thought 
himself eclipsed by the splendour of his character, ordered that no 
mourning should be worn for him," He died in 1612. 

f James I., whole length, in a black dress, with his left hand upon a 
table on which are placed the crown and sceptre, his right hand holding 
the order of St. George. The character of James I., who, notwithstand- 
ing all his pedantry and weakness, was not a bad king, the love of peace 
seems to have been his ruling passion, to this he sacrificed almost every 
principle of sound policy. He was eminently learned, especially in 
divinity, and was better qualified to fill a professor's chair than a throne : 
his speculative notions of regal power were as absolute as those of an 
eastern monarch ; but he wanted that vigour and firmness of mind which 
was necessary to reduce them to practice. He expired on the 27th of 
March, 1625, after a reign over England of twenty-two years and some 
days, and in the fifty-ninth year of his age. His reign over Scotland was 
almost of equal duration with his life. In all history it would be difficult 
to find a reign less illustrious, yet more unspotted and unblemished, than 
that of James in both kingdoms. 



THE QUEEN'S BED ROOM. 47 

456 St. John Baptising Christ in the River Jordan, by 

Francesco Francia. 

457 Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenberg,* by Honthorst. 

458 Figures and Boat, by Polidoro. 

459 The Queen of James I.,f by VanSomer. 

460 A Sea Port, by Claude. 

461 Princess of Brunswick. 

462 St. Francis with the Infant Jesus, by Guido. 

463 Venus and Cupid, by Pontormo, the outline by Michael 

Angelo. 

464 Dogs, by Snyders. 

465 Virgin and Child, with Tobit and the Angel, by Titian, 

466 Virgin and Child, with Saints, by Giorgione. 

467 The Shepherd's Offering, by Old Palma. 

468 A Landscape, " The Devil Sowing Tares among the 

Wheat," by Van Uden. 

469 The Shepherd's Offering, by Giorgione. 

470 The Judgment of Midas, by Schiavone. 

471 The Deluge, by Bassano. 

472 — 483 Twelve Pictures representing the History of Cupid 

and Psyche, by L. Giordano. 
484 Mary, Queen of James II., % by Sir G. Kneller. 



* Christian II., Duke of Brunswick, whole length, leaning on a stick : 
he was a prince of great courage and ability, but unfortunate in his 
attachment to the King of Bohemia, in whose defeats and distresses he had 
some share as an ally, and much more from a motive of commiseration, 
as he was warmly in his interest. He was totally defeated by the 
Imperialists in the battle of Hockst, and gained as complete a victory 
over the Spanish army commanded by Don Francisco de Corduba. He 
lost an arm as he was bravely fighting in the field. He died 1626. 

f Queen of James I., in a hunting dress, with a hat and red feather, 
leading two dogs. The marriage of King James with this princess was 
promoted by the recommendation of the English Queen Elizabeth. 
Anne was daughter of Frederick II., King of Denmark, and espoused by 
proxy, at Cronenburg, to the Scottish monarch, in August, 1590, being 
then in her sixteenth year. James, having made a vow to consummate 
the nuptials within the year, impatient of the delay of her arrival, she 
being driven by repeated storms and contrary winds back into Norway, 
made a voyage thither, and celebrated the marriage ; thereby frustrating 
the evil designs of the Scottish and Danish witches, who were supposed 
malignantly to use their spells and incantations to prevent the meeting 
of these royal lovers. She died in this palace on the 2nd of March, 
1618, and was interred, with "solemn funeral pomp/' in Westminster 
Abbey. 

% Mary Este, daughter of Alphonso, Duke of Modena, second wife 
to James II. This Princess was an adopted daughter of Louis XIV., 
who presented her with a suitable portion upon her marriage with James 
when Duke of York. The graces of her person and behaviour gained 
her all that popularity which usually attends beauty in the most elevated 
station. But her haughtiness, her bigotry, and her busy and intriguing 



48 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

485 A Portrait of a Man. 

486 A Portrait of a Gentleman. 
The next apartment is 

THE QUEEN'S DRAWING ROOM. 

The ceiling, painted by Verrio, represents Queen Anne 
in the character of Justice. 

487 The Duke of Cumberland, and two Princesses, by West. 

488 The Dukes of Cumberland, Sussex, Cambridge, and 

three Princesses, by West. 

489 The Death of the Chevalier Bayard,* by West. 

490 Hamilcar swearing the Infant Hannibal at the Altar 

never to make peaca with Rome, by West. 

491 Peter Denying Christ, by West. 

492 Queen Charlotte and Princess Royal, by West. 

493 The Death of Epaminondas,t by West. 

494 George III. when forty-two years of age, with Lord 

Amherst and the Marquis of Lothian, on horseback, 
and a view of Coxheath Camp in the back-ground, by 
West. 

495 The Wife of Armenius brought Captive to Germanicus, 

by West. 

spirit, sunk her greatly in the popular esteem, after she became a Queen. 
When she fled into France, she was kindly received by Louis, who 
treated her with a generosity that did him much honour. She had a 
son named James Francis Edward, called the Old Pretender. She died 
at St. Germains in 1718. This picture belonged to King William IV. 
when Duke of Clarence, and was brought from Bushey House. 

* Bayard Pierre, known by the honourable appellation of the " Good 
Knight, without fear and without reproach," was born in the year 1475. 
His family were for generations the feudal lords of the territory whence 
they took their name, and were distinguished for their military prowess, 
during the wars of the English in France. Being mortally wounded in 
endeavouring to cover the retreat of the army, he desired to be placed 
with his back against a tree, his face to the enemy ; then holding up his 
sword, which was in the form of a cross, he kissed it, in sign of his dying 
in the faith of Christ. The Constable de Bourbon, his adversary, melting 
into tears Bayard turned to him and said, " Pity not me but yourself, who 
are fighting against your king and against your country." The Marquis of 
Pescara, commander of the Spanish troops, passing soon after, and find- 
ing that he could not be removed, ordered a tent to be pitched on that 
spot, and persons to attend him. He died, notwithstanding their care, 
30th April, 1524. 

f Epaminondas, a Theban warrior and statesman, who was as illustrious 
for his love of science and virtue as for his military talents, which were of 
the first order. He gained two celebrated victories over the formidable 
Spartans, Leuctra and Man tinea, at the latter he received a mortal wound 
in the side by a javelin; being told that he would die as soon it was taken 
out, he bore the pain and anguish of the wound until victory was pro- 
claimed by the Thebans. He died about 360 years before Christ. 



THE QUEEN'S DRAWING ROOM. 49 

496 St. George and the Dragon, by West. 

497 The Death of General Wolfe,* by West. 

498 Queen Charlotte, when thirty-six years of age, with 

her thirteen Children in the background, by West. 

499 Cyrus liberating the Family of Astyages, King of Media, 

his grandfather, whom he had taken prisoner, by 
West. 

500 The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, by West. 

501 The Departure of Regulus, a Roman general, prisoner to 

the inveterate foe the Carthaginians, and then on his 
parole at Rome, had patriotically determined to return 
to captivity and sacrifice his life for the benefit of his 
country. The moment chosen is when, surrounded 
by his supplicating friends and rejecting their entreaties, 
he is resigning himself to the ambassadors of Carthage. 
This subject is finely composed, and is a true specimen 
of the grand historic style of art. His Majesty George 
III. gave one thousand guineas for the picture, by 
West. 

502 The Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent, by West. 

503 The Apotheosis of the Infant Princes, Octavius and 

Alfred, by West. 
Before the visitor leaves this room it will be as well to 
have a peep out of the centre window and view the 
Fountain and Home Park, which immediately adjoins 
the Public Gardens. The canal is nearly three-quarters 
of a mile in length, and forty yards in breadth, having 

* General James Wolfe was born at Westerham, in Kent, on the 15th 
of January, 1726. The feature of Wolfe's character was his ardent and 
fearless spirit of enterprise. A few, but strikingly glorious, incidents 
form the short life of this gallant youth. He fought with honour in 
Austrian Flanders, when only twenty years of age ; and afterwards, being 
appointed, by the Earl of Chatham, Brigadier-general, under General 
Amherst, he distinguished himself at the siege of Louisburgh, in Cape 
Breton, which surrendered to the British arms. In 1759, Major-general 
Wolfe headed the expedition against Quebec. From July to September 
the English were employed in concerting measures for the siege of Quebec, 
and on the night of the 12th of September he landed his troops, and, 
favoured by the night, ascended the hills which command that city from 
the west, called the Heights of Abraham. A battle ensued with the French 
forces ; Wolfe was shot in the midst of victory, and when, in the interval 
of fainting fits which preceded the agonies of death, he heard the cry, 
" They run ;" being told it was the French — " Then," said he, "thank God, 
I die contented." Three days after the action Quebec surrendered, and 
Canada was lost to France. Wolfe fell in his thirty-fourth year. His 
remains were interred at Greenwich. This picture has been engraved by 
the inimitable hand of Woollett. The original was painted for Earl 
Grosvenor, and when George III. saw the picture, he was so delighted 
with it, that after lamenting he could not purchase it, his Majesty 
immediately ordered a copy for himself. 



50 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

fine avenues of lime-trees on each side of it, planted 
by King William III. ; Kingston Church closes the 
view of the third avenue on the left. 

THE QUEEN'S AUDIENCE CHAMBER, 

In which Queen Mary's state canopy of rich damask silk 
still remains. 

504 Christian IV., King of Denmark. 

505 Head of a Female. 

506 The Duchess of Luneberg,* by Mytens. 

507 Venus and Adonis, by G. Chiari. 

508 James IV. of Scotland, his brother Alexander, and St. 

Andrew, by Jan de Mabuse. 

509 The Woman of Samaria, by Palma. 

510 Henry VIII. and Family, by Holbein. 

The King sits on his chair of state under a rich canopy, 
with Queen Jane Seymour, his son Prince Edward on. 
his right, Princess Mary and Elizabeth are standing by. 
The scene is an open colonnade. Will Somers, the 
Jester, with a monkey on his shoulder on the right ; 
the wife of Somers appears through the open door on 
the left. 

511 Cupid Shaving his Bow, by Parmegiano. 

512 The Queen of James IV., with St. George, by Jan de 

Mabuse. 

513 Countess of Lennox,f by Holbein. 

* A Princess of Brunswick, sister to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 
married to Christopher, Duke of Luneberg-Harburg : she is represented 
in a black dress, with rows of pearls round her neck, and a white handker- 
chief in her hand. 

f Margaret, Countess of Lennox. Full length in black, standing on a 
rich carpet. This portrait was engraved by the Granger Society, who 
gave the following interesting account. This illustrious lady was united 
to the royal families of England and Scotland by the ties of a multiplied 
relationship. The inscription upon her tomb in Westminster Abbey in- 
forms us, that she " had to her great grandfather, king Edward IV. ; to 
her grandfather, king Henry VII. ; to her uncle, king Henry VIII. ; to 
her cousin-german, king Edward VI. ; to her brother, king James V. of 
Scotland ; to her son, king Henry I. of Scotland ; to her grandchild, 
king James VI., afterwards James I. of England." The same authority 
further tells us that she had to her great grandmother and grandmother 
two queens, both named Elizabeth; to her mother, Margaret, queen of 
Scots; to her aunt, Mary, queen of France; to her cousins-german, 
Mary and Elizabeth, successively queens of England; to her niece and 
daughter-in-law, Mary, Queen of Scots, from which it will appear that 
she was the daughter and sole heir of Archibald Douglas, earl of Angus, 
by Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, and widow of James IV. 
of Scotland ; and that she was the mother of Henry, Lord Darnley, hus- 
band of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of James I. King of Great 
Britain. The second marriage of Margaret, Queen of Scots, of which 



THE QUEEN'S AUDIENCE CHAMBER. 51 

514 James I., in his robes, crown, and sceptre, Whitehall 
is seen in the background, by Van Somer. 

marriage the Countess of Lennox was the only issue, was as unfortunate 
as it was precipitate ; the haughty temper and great power of her husband 
the Earl of Angus soon involved Scotland in confusion, and in the midst 
of the strife which ensued the queen dowager and the earl her husband 
w like banished persons came into England, and wrote to the king, Mar- 
garet's brother, Henry VIII., for mercy and comfort." Henry assigned 
them the castle of Harbottle in Northumberland for a residence, and 
there, on the 20th of October, 1515, the queen was " delivered of a fair 
lady called Margaret/' who is the subject of the present observations. 
Shortly after her birth her parents separated, and ten years afterwards 
they were divorced. The queen Margaret, who had long before returned 
to Scotland, then married a third time, and, after some years, again 
sought for a divorce, but " for the sake of decency" was prevented ac- 
complishing her object by the influence of her son, James V. " Her 
varied and turbulent life " came to an end in June, 1541. Her daughter 
Margaret was educated in England under the direction of her uncle, 
Henry VIII., and at an early age Margaret became involved in the 
troubles which at that period frequently fell to the lot of the female 
branches of the royal family. In her twenty-first year, and this is the 
first incident of any moment that we have found respecting her, she was 
sent to the Tower, for encouraging the addresses of Lord Thomas 
Howard, son of Thomas Howard, first Duke of Norfolk. How long she 
continued in prison does not appear, but it was long enough to occasion 
her health to suffer from distress of mind and the severity of her confine- 
ment. Her aspiring suitor, after being attainted of treason for his 
temerity, died in the Tower in the year 1537. After her release the lady 
Margaret may be traced as occupying a conspicuous position in the court 
of Henry VIII. For a young lady of high hopes and personal attractions 
this was a situation so dangerous at any time, and so peculiarly dangerous 
during the ascendency of Catherine Howard, that we learn without sur- 
prise that Margaret again fell into trouble in 1541, with Charles Howard, 
a relation of her former admirer and the queen. Upon this occasion 
Cranmer and two other members of the council were directed by the king 
to reprove her for her indiscretion and "overmoche" lightness, and 
" fynally gyve her advyse to beware the thirde tyme.'' This formidable 
communication sufficed to check the rising attachment, and after three 
years of obedience to the pleasure of her royal patron, Margaret's hand 
was bestowed upon Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox, as a reward for his 
support of the party and policy of Henry VIII. in Scotland. The services 
which earned the earl the distinction of this royal alliance were of a kind 
which rendered himself extremely unpopular in his native country, and occa- 
sioned his estates to be forfeited, and himself to be outlawed, and until 
the year 1564, twenty years after his marriage, he was not permitted to 
return to Scotland. During this long period he and the countess re- 
mained in England, pensioners upon the royal bounty for the means of 
their subsistence, and that of their eight children, four sons and foiK 
daughters. Almost all their children died in infancy. Their first soa, 
named Henry, after their patron Henry VIII., died " at the age of three 
quarters of a yeere," on the 28th November, 1545, and was buried in the 
chancel of the church at Stepney. Of their eight children, the next son, 
also named Henry, and Charles, his younger brother, were the only two 
who arrived at maturity. She died, March 20th, 1577, and was buried 
in Westminster Abbey. 

D 2 



52 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

.515 Henry VIII. embarking from Dover,* by Holbein. 

516 Louis XVI. of France, by Greuze. 

517 The Battle of Spurs,f by Holbein. 

* The embarkation of Henry VIII. at Dover, May 31st, 1520, prepa- 
ratory to his interview with Francis the First. In this very curious and 
ancient painting the ship called the Great Harry is represented sailing 
out of Dover Harbour ; she has four masts, with two round tops on each 
mast. The royal standard is flying on the four corners of the forecastle. 
The sails are unfurled, and the pennants are waving on the mast-heads. 
At each quarter of the deck is a standard of St. George's Cross, and 
also heater- shields or targets, charged differently with the cross of St. 
George. The sides and tops have the same ornaments. The sails and 
pennants are of cloth of gold, damasked. On the main deck, the King 
is standing with attendants on either hand. The arms of England and 
France, quarterly, are depicted on the front of the forecastle, and also on 
the ship's stern. On the right of the Great Harry is a three-masted 
ship, with her sails furled, and decorated with pennants and standards. 
Her sides and tops are ornamented with shields. These ships are fol- 
lowed by three more, and those by two others, all of which are decorated 
nearly in the same manner as the first. Round the ships are several 
boats, with broad pennants, some of which seem filled with persons of 
distinction, and others with inferior passengers. In the offing a variety 
of vessels are represented under weigh ; and in the distance are the faint 
glimmerings of the white cliffs on the coast of France. In the foreground 
are two circular forts, communicating by a terrace, situated close to the 
water's edge, firing a royal salute, one of them from two tier of cannon, 
the other from three. On the platform of the most western fort is a 
man displaying the colours of St. George. Near the centre of the terrace 
is a gentleman, probably Sir Edward Poynings, then Constable of Dover 
Castle, in a green and yellow jacket, with slashed sleeves and breeches, 
and white stockings ; round his neck is a yellow ruff, and over the whole 
a black cloak. Preceding him, are two bill-men, with an officer bearing 
a sword of state. On the hill, which forms the opposite point of the 
harbour, is Dover Castle. Several of the towers correspond with the 
appearance which that stupendous fortress now exhibits. All the ships 
are crowded with passengers, and have iron and brass cannon poin f ;ng 
out of the port-holes. In his visit to the Continent, Henry was attended 
by the Cardinal Legate, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and most of the 
principal noblemen and great officers in the kingdom. The number of 
persons that accompanied their Majesties is fixed by the accurate Stow 
at 4334, besides the attendants of the Cardinal, and of the Dowager 
French Queen and her husband, the Duke of Suffolk. 

t Battle of Spurs, fought at Guingette, near Terouenne, in August 
1513. Either from panic or mistaken orders, the French gendarmerie, 
when retreating from the English force, commanded in person by Henry 
VIII., fled before the English cavalry in disgraceful confusion. The 
contest in fact was one of mere speed between the pursuers and the pur- 
sued, and hence the humorous epithet, applied by the vanquished them- 
selves, of the Battle of Spurs. But for the presence of mind and daring 
valour of Bayard, the whole French army would have shared in the dis- 
grace of the gendarmerie. He retired, with fourteen men at arms, often 
turning on his pursuers, till he reached a place where only two could pass 
in front. " We halt here," said he, " the enemy will be an hour gaining 
this post. Go and tell them so at the camp." He was obeyed, and 
succeeded in gaining time for the French army to reassemble itself, but 



THE QUEEN'S AUDIENCE CHAMBER. 53 

518 The Queen of James I., by Van Somer. 

519 Margaret, Queen of Scots.* 

520 The Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. of France. f 

" Field of the Cloth of Gold," by Holbein. 

521 Duke of Brunswick, J by My tens. 

522 Pilate delivering up Christ, by Schiavone. 

523 Edward IV., by Belchamp. 

524 Over the fire-place, the Meeting of Henry VIII. and 

the Emperor Maximilian, § by Holbein. 

was himself taken prisoner. Henry's reception of the knight was much 
more courteous than that of the Emperor Maximilian, who was present, 
being with his troops in the pay of the English king. The emperor 
taunted him with the remark that he thought Bayard was one who never 
fled. " Sire, if I had fled, I should not have been here," was the prompt 
answer. 

* Margaret, Queen of Scots, whole length, in a brown and yellow dress, 
holding a small marmozet. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VII., 
born in 1489, was married to the King of Scots in the fifteenth year of 
her age, and had for her dowry ten thousand pounds, with a jointure of 
two thousand pounds. Her royal father, after her marriage by proxy at 
St. Paul's Cathedral in London, accompanied her to Cole Weston, in 
Northamptonshire, to the residence of his mother, the countess ; when 
having bestowed his blessing upon her, with paternal counsel and exhort- 
ation, he committed her to the care of the Earls of Surrey and Northum- 
berland, and a numerous retinue, who escorted her to the borders of 
Scotland, where she was received by the Scottish king. King James 
being slain in Flodden Field, in 1513, his widow married Archibald 
Douglas, Earl of Angus, which displeased the then King of England, her 
brother, Henry VIII., who, however, became reconciled to the match, and 
afforded her and her husband, in their troubles, an asylum in the palace 
in Scotland Yard. 

f Henry the Eighth caused to be painted, the procession and inter- 
view with Francis the First, between Ardres and Guines. This painting 
was duly transferred as an inheritance to succeeding princes, till the 
Commonwealth, when the Parliament proposed to sell it to the King of 
France. The Earl of Pembroke being apprised of it, and resolved that 
so great a treasure of art and history should not leave the country, 
secretly cut out the head of Henry the Eighth, before the arrangements 
were completed, and the French ambassador, finding the picture muti- 
lated, refused to ratify the bargain. After the Restoration, the Earl 
gave the head (which he had carefully preserved) to Charles the Second, 
who caused it to be replaced : and so skilfully was it done, that the 
blemish can scarcely be discovered, except by viewing the picture in a 
side light. 

J Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, whole length, in a black dress, 
with a dog by his side. This prince succeeded to his father's possessions 
in 1589, he married first, Dorothea, the daughter of Augustus, Elector of 
Saxony, who died in 1587. His second wife was sister to the queen of 
James I., and daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark. He was a zealous 
supporter of the Protestant religion. He died at Prague, in 1613, in the 
49th year of his age. 

§ Maximilian I., Archduke of Austria, was the son of Frederic IV., 
created King of the Romans in 1486, and elected Emperor, on the 
death of his father, in 1493. He had several wars with France, which 



54 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

525 Isabella, Arch-Duchess of Austria, daughter of Philip 

II. of Spain, by Pourbus. 

526 The Apostles, Peter, James, and John, by Caravaggio. 

527 Duchess of Brunswick,* by My tens, 

528 Head of a Youth. 

529 Maximilian, Archduke of Austria. 

THE PUBLIC DINING ROOM, 

In which is now placed the state canopy, prepared and 
executed by Messrs. Holland and Sons, of Mount-street, 
Grosvenor-square, the undertakers, from designs by C. U. 
Cockerell, B.A., for the lying-in-state of Field Marshal 
the Duke of Wellington, as used at Chelsea Hospital, Nov., 
1852. The canopy is of large dimensions, surmounted by 
banners and plumes of black feathers, set in silver sockets, 
with a rich cornice, and lined throughout with silver tissue. 
In front are the arms of the Duke, with his motto, " Virtutis 
fortuna comes" (Fortune the companion of valour). The 
hangings and curtains of the canopy are formed of black 
Utrecht velvet (English manufacture), lined with silver tissue, 
surrounded with silver lace, and tassels. On each side, a 
column of spears, covered with black velvet, having wreaths 
of laurel in green and silver, his arms, crest and motto. In 
the centre is placed his escutcheon within a wreath of laurel 
in green and silver, with cloth of gold and sable drapery, edged 
with gold fringe, and looped up with large gold tassels forming 
the background. Beneath the canopy is the funeral bier, with 
the pall of rich black velvet fringed, as displayed during the 
lying-in-state. It may be interesting to the stranger to know 
that the Duke of Wellington's mother, the Countess of Morn- 
ington, and his Grace's grandmother, Lady Dungannon, oc- 
cupied the apartment immediately under the room in which 
the canopy is placed, for a great number of years, and that the 
Catalpa tree, in a small garden adjoining, was planted by the 
Countess of Mornington when a child. It is a native of the 
southern states of North America, and said to be one of the 
finest specimens we have in England, and blooms in August. 



were mostly successful. He formed tbe design of making himself Pope, 
for which purpose he assumed the ancient title of the Roman Emperors 
of Pontifex Maximus, and he endeavoured to prevail on Julius II. to 
admit him as coadjutor. Maximilian visited the camp of Henry VIII., 
then in France, and entered, as a private soldier, under the King's ban- 
ner, receiving 1 00 crowns per diem for his pay, and served as a volunteer 
at the famous Battle of Spurs. He died in 1519. 

* The Duchess of Brunswick, daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark, 
married to Henry Julius Duke of Brunswick in 1590, by whom he had 
eleven children, six sons and five daughters. She is represented in a 
black dress, playing with a Marmozet monkey on the table. 



THE PUBLIC DINING ROOM. 55 

530 Prometheus chained to the Rock,* by Young Palma. 

531 Edward the Black Prince receiving the Order of the Gar- 

ter from Edward III. A Cartoon, by C. W. Cope, R.A. 

532 Portion of the same subject — Fresco. 

533 A coloured Sketch of the same subject. 

534 Eeligion exemplified in the faith and hope of the Cross 

of Christ, in the subjection of all earthly power and 
human distinctions to His Will, and in the common 
dependence of all estates and conditions of men on 
His "Word. A Cartoon, by John Callcott Uorsley, 

535 Portion of the subject of Eeligion — Fresco. 

536 Prince Henry, afterwards Henry V., acknowledging the 

authority of Chief Justice Gascoigne.f A Cartoon, by 
Richard Redgrave, R.A. 

537 Judge Gascoigne, a portion of the same subject — Fresco. 

538 A Coloured Sketch of the same subject. 

539 Justice.! A Cartoon, by William Cave Thomas, 

* Prometheus, a man who, assisted by Minerva, stole fire from heaven, 
with which he is said to have animated a figure formed of clay. Jupiter, 
as a punishment for his audacity, condemned him to he chained to Mount 
Caucasus, with a vulture perpetually gnawing his liver. 

f " "When one of Prince Henry's companions was arraigned for felony 
before the Lord Chief Justice, he went to the King's Bench bar and 
offered to take the prisoner away by force, but being withstood by the 
Lord Chief Justice, he stepped to him and struck him over the face ; 
whereat the Judge, nothing abashed, rose up and told him that he did 
not this affront to him but to the King his father, in whose place he sat, 
and therefore to make him know his fault, he commanded him to be 
committed to the Fleet. You would have wondered to see how calm the 
Prince was in his own cause, who, in the cause of his companion, had 
been so violent, for he quietly obeyed the Judge's sentence, and suffered 
himself to be led to prison." — Baker's Chronicle. 

J Justice seated between Moses with the Tables of the Laws of Con- 
demnation, and John the Baptist with the New Testament of Mercy, 
determines the causes of men. 

Around her are suppliants. On the left, the Negro, a Husbandman, 
a Greek, and a Father calling for vengeance. 

On the right, the Widow and Orphan, a Poor Man, a Rich Citizen, 
(to show that Justice is regardless of the estate of men,) also a Monk and 
Lutheran. 

In the centre of the composition, a Divine Agent, in whom the power 
of death and the punishment of crime is vested. 

On the left is an Angel bearing a tablet, on which is inscribed "I de- 
sired mercy and not sacrifice," to indicate that vengeance is taken only 
when all warnings of mercy have been unheeded. 

On the right, the Angel also bears a tablet, on which is inscribed, 
" The wicked flee, tho' no man pursueth," to show the power of con- 
science as a retribution beyond the agency of man. 

The lower group represents the unjust suffering under the weight of a 
guilty conscience and the terror of the power of Justice. 

The principal figures of the lower group represent Covetousness, 
Drunkenness, Suicide, (in which Crime hath avenged itself,) and Murder, 
all crouching in deadly fear. 



56 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

540 The Baptism of King Ethelbert. A Cartoon, by Wil- 

liam Byce, R.A. 

541 Portion of the same subject — Fresco. 

542 Portion of the subject of the Spirit of Chivalry. A 

Fresco, by Daniel 3Iaclise, R.A. 
These Cartoons and Fresco-paintings were executed by 
commission, and exhibited in Westminster Hall, in 1845, with 
a view to the decoration of the House of Lords, at the Palace 
at "Westminster. 

543 A Japan Peacock, by Bogdane. 

544 Building, with figures. 

545 Diana, after Titian. 

546 King William III. when a boy. 

547 The Apostles at the Tomb. 

548 Don Carlos, Son of Philip IV. of Spain, by Murillo. 

549 A Ruin, by Viviano and Jan Miel. 

550 Duns Scotus,* by Spagnoletto. 

THE PRINCE OF WALEs's PRESENCE CHAMBER. 

551 Count Gondomar, the Ambassador from the King of 

Spain to King James I.,f by My tens. 

552 A Magdalen, by Titian. 

553 A Lady, with an orrery and dog, by Parmegiano. 

554 A Concert, by Giovanni Bellini. 

555 Frederick the Great. 

556 The Wise Men's Offering, by P. Veronese. 

* John Duns, or Duns Scotus, was a native of North Britain ; he was 
born in the early part of the thirteenth century, and educated at Merton 
College, Oxford. Archbishop Spotswood, in his History of the Church 
of Scotland, mentions several instances of his peculiar powers of fasting. 
With the present portrait a tradition is associated, that is amusing from 
its absurdity— that Scotus, being engaged in translating the Scriptures, 
vowed to abstain from all food till his task was completed, and that he 
expired while engaged on the last chapter of the Revelations. Spagno- 
letto was an artist who delighted in employing his pencil on subjects 
of gloom and horror, and the care-worn and emaciated features he has 
given the learned Doctor have probably furnished the ground-work for 
the story. 

f Gondomar, Spanish ambassador to the court of King James I. 
This person, the Richelieu of Spain, who " became all things to all men 
for political purposes," might have been represented with a looking- 
glass in his hand, says Granger, as St. Paul is at Versailles. He spoke 
Latin with King James, drank with the King of Denmark, his brother- 
in-law, and assured the Earl of Bristol, when ambassador at Madrid, 
that he was an Englishman in his heart. He was also very gallant to the 
ladies, to whom he frequently made presents. He is represented by all 
his contemporaries as a finished minister, possessing that consummate 
address, which can hide the most insidious intentions under the appear- 
ance of openness and manly candour. 



THE PRINCE OF WALEs's PRESENCE CHAMBER. 57 

557 The Destruction of the Children of Niobe, by Rothen- 

hamer. 

558 The Flight into Egypt, by Teniers, after Bassano. 

559 St. John with a Lamb, by Spagnoletto. 

560 Ganymede, by Michael Angelo. 

561 Nymphs, by G. Ckiari. 

562 Christ in the House of Mary and Martha, by Bassano. 

563 The Good Samaritan, by Giacomo Bassano. 

564 Judas betraying Christ, by Pordenone. 

565 Virgin and Child. 

566 A Landscape, by Everdingen. 

567 A Landscape, by Huysman. 

568 Madame Chastilion. 

569 Venus, by Titian. 

570 Jacob's Journey, by Giacomo Bassano. 

571 Nymphs, by G. Chiari. 

572 Boaz and Ruth, by Giacomo Bassano. 

573 Mars and Venus, by P. Veronese. 

574 The Marriage of Joseph and Mary, by Mazzuoli. 
515 The Assumption of the Virgin, by Giacomo Bassano. 

576 Nymphs and Satyrs (a drawing), by Isaac Oliver. 

577 A Barrack- room, by C. Troost. 

578 A Drawing, by Isaac Oliver. 

579 Venus and Cupid, by Young Palma. 

580 Adam and Eve, by Jan de Mabuse. This highly-finish- 

ed picture belonged formerly to King Charles I., and 
hung in the Gallery at Whitehall, thence called " The 
Adam and Eve Gallery." 

581 Over the fire-place, Louis XIII. of France, by Belcamp. 

582 A Portrait of a Gentleman, by P. Perugino. 

583 The Emperor Rodolphus II. 

584 A Portrait of a Gentleman, by Sir A. More. 

585 Louis XIV. of France, on Horseback, by Vander Meulen. 

586 Lord Falkland, after C. Janssen. 

587 Robert Walker, by himself. 

588 Villiers, Duke of Buckingham,* by C. Janssen. 

* A half-length, size of life, in the robes of a knight of the Garter. 
This portrait is very highly finished, and the colouring is nearly equal to 
Vandyck. — The duke was assassinated by John Felton, a gentleman of 
family in Suffolk, in August, 1628. Felton was a lieutenant in the 
army, commanded by the Duke of Buckingham. The captain of his 
company being killed at the retreat of the Isle of Rhe, he applied for the 
command, but was disappointed. This preyed on his mind, and being 
of an ardent, melancholy temper, he retired from the army with a reso- 
lution to despatch the Duke, whom he imagined, from the complaints of 
the nation, to be a foe to religion and his country. The Duke happened 
to be engaged in converse with Soubize, and other French gentlemen, a 
dispute having arisen between them, which, though conducted with 

D3 



58 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

589 A Portrait of a Foreign Prince, with the Order of the 

Garter, by Mirevelt. 

590 Count Mansfeldt,* by Mytens. 

591 The Queen of James I., by Van Somer. 

592 Virgin and Child, by P. Veronese, 

THE PRINCE OF WALES's DRAWING ROOM. 

593 Don Gusman, by Mytens. 

594 A Man's Head, by Denner. 

595 A Head of a Female, by Denner. 

596 A Prince of Prussia (a drawing). 

597 A Princess of Prussia (a drawing). 

598 George II., after Pine. 

599 Cattle and Sheep, with figures 

600 Cupid Asleep (a drawing), by Bartolozzi, after Guido, 

601 Cattle and Sheep, with figures. 

temper, produced those gesticulations peculiar to that nation. The 
conference being ended, his Grace turned himself to speak to Sir Thomas 
Fryar, a colonel of the army who stood near the door, at which instant 
he was struck in the breast with a knife. He exclaimed — " The villain 
has killed me," — drew out the knife, and expired. No one knew who 
had given the blow, but some imagining it to be done by Soubize, would 
have stabbed him, had they not been prevented. Near the door a hat 
was found, containing a declaration that Buckingham was an enemy to 
the nation, &c. In this confusion, a man was seen walking near the 
door without a hat, which proved to be Felton. He declared himself to 
be the assassin, and that he had no adviser or accessory. He was hung 
at Tyburn, on the 19th of November following, and his body carried to 
Portsmouth, and there hung in chains without the town. 

* Ernest Count of Mansfeldt, was a natural son of Peter Ernest, 
sovereign Prince of the county of Mansfeldt, in the Electorate of Saxony. 
He was born while his father was Governor of Luxemburg, in the Low 
Countries, and being legitimatized, was educated at the Court of Brussels, 
under the care of the Archduke Ernest, bis relation. Born in some 
measure to arms, he served his first campaigns with the Spanish troops 
in the Netherlands, and the Emperor in Hungary. He is represented as 
one of the greatest captains Germany ever produced, intrepid in danger, 
and indefatigable in pursuing his plans. He was always calm in the 
heat of action, and proved himself a hero even in defeat.' He knew how 
to accommodate himself to circumstances, and could find resources where 
others gave everything up as lost. The ideas which he had formed of 
true heroism, gave him the complete command of his passions. In 1623, 
he was employed by the English government to command an army of 
12,000 men for the recovery of the Palatinate for the unfortunate King 
of Bohemia. This army, after much suffering, was reduced to ruin, 
without the satisfaction of rendering any material service to the cause. 
When Mansfeldt found his last hour approaching, he caused himself to 
be carried in front of the few troops that had remained attached to his 
person, he thanked them for their attachment, and earnestly exhorted 
them to persevere in the cause they had undertaken. From this scene 
he was carried to his couch, where, in a few moments, he died as he 
had lived, a hero and a soldier. 



THE PRINCE OF WALES's DRAWING ROOM. 59 

602 The Woman taken in Adultery, by Hussey, after A. 

Caracci. 

603 The Duchess of Brunswick, sister to George III., by 

Angelica Kauffman. 

604 James II., by Russell. 

605 Countess of Sunderland, by Russell. 

606 Frederick Prince of Wales, at an Entertainment, by 

Vanderbanh. 

607 Charles II., by Russell. 

608 The Second Lord and Lady Clarendon, by Russell. 

609 The Family of Frederick Prince of Wales, by Knapton. 

The Prince himself is drawn at full length, and in a 
frame, in the right hand corner of the painting, 
George III. is sitting with a plan of the garrison of 
Portsmouth on his knee, and his brother Edward, 
Duke of York, is inspecting the plan. The Dukes 
of Gloucester and Cumberland are amusing themselves 
on the floor with a toy-boat ; Prince Frederick, who 
died very young, playing with dogs. The Duchess 
of Brunswick and the Princesses Elizabeth and Mary 
aie standing around their mother; and Matilda, the 
posthumous child of His Royal Highness, is the baby 
in her lap. This Princess was afterwards Queen of 
Denmark, and died in the palace of Celle, after being 
separated from her royal husband. 

610 A Landscape, with figures, by Sckiavone. 

611 A Man in the Costume of Henry VIII., by Nogari. 

612 St. Christopher, with Saints, by L. Cranach. 

613 An old Woman with a Pan of Charcoal, by Nogari. 

614 Jacob Stealing the Blessing, by Sckiavone. 

615 The Daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark. 

616 A Prince of Prussia (a drawing). 

617 Frederick the Great. 

618 Louis XIV. of France* (a drawing), by Kneller. 

619 Frederick Prince of Wales, by Vanloo. 

620 Sir Robert Walpole.f 

* In the upper corner of the drawing is inscribed, " Louis Willi, 
drawen by the life at Versallis in the year 1684, by G. Kneller." — On the 
death of Sir P. Lely, in 1680, Sir G. Kneller became the Court painter in 
England, and in 1684 was invited by Louis XIV. to France, who on his 
taking leave inquired if he could in any way oblige him. Sir G. re- 
plied he was anxious to take a sketch of his Majesty to England if he 
would honour him with a sitting for a few minutes. The King imme- 
diately complied with his request. Louis XIV. reigned over France 
seventy-two years, and was the most prosperous of all her monarchs. 

f Sir Robert Walpole was born at Houghton, in Norfolk, in 1674. In 
1700 he was chosen member for Lynn ; in 1705 he was appointed secre- 
tary at war; and in 1709 treasurer of the navy, but on the change of 



60 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

621 Prince Eugene, by A. Fancier Meulen. 

622 A Cavalier on Horseback, by A. Vander Meulen. 

623 The Queen of George II.,* by Zeeman. 

624 George II., by Zeeman. 

62,5 The Daughters of George II., by Maingaud. 

626 James Stuart, when young. 

627 Queen Charlotte, with the Prince of Wales, and Duke 

of York, when young, by Ramsey. 

628 Pope Benedict XIV. ,t by P. Battoni. 

THE PRINCE OF WALES's BED ROOM. 

629 Boys with a Lamb, by Amiconi. 

630 A Lady Playing on the Virginal, by Pordenone. 

ministers be was voted by tbe Commons to be guilty of corruption, and* 
ordered to be expelled the House. The Whig party, however, strenuously 
supported him, and he was re-elected for Lynn, though the House de- 
clared the election void. At the accession of George I. he was made pay- 
master of the forces, but two years afterwards he resigned his place, and 
joined the opposition. Another change taking place in 1725, he had the 
lead in the administration, and was nominated first lord of the treasury 
and chancellor of the exchequer. He maintained his power with great 
firmness till 1742, when he resigned, and was created Earl of Orford, with 
a pension of 4000£. a year. He died in 1745. This portrait was pre- 
sented to this collection, with the permission of her most gracious 
Majesty Queen Victoria, by W. E. Fauquier, Esq. 

* Caroline, wife of George II., and the daughter of John Frederick, 
Margrave of Brandenburg, Anspach, and of Eleanor Louisa, his second 
wife, was born March 1, 1682. She was sought in marriage by Charles 
III. of Spain, afterwards Emperor of Germany ; but being firmly set- 
tled in the Protestant religion, she rejected the offer. Her fortitude on 
this occasion induced the Elector of Hanover to make choice of her for 
the wife of his son; and they were accordingly married in 1705. She 
was crowned Queen Consort of Britain, October 11, 1727. Four sons 
and five daughters were the fruits of this marriage. George I., her 
father-in-law, had for her the sincerest regard, which she returned with- 
the greatest respect. When raised to the dignity of Queen, she studied 
to contribute to the happiness of the people. She was entrusted with 
the affairs of State by her husband, who, in his absence, left her regent 
of the kingdom. She was a great and enlightened princess, well 
acquainted with philosophy, a patron of men of letters, and unaffectedly- 
pious and devout. She died Nov. 20, 1737. 

t Benedict XIV. was born at Bologna in 1675, of the noble family of 
Lambertini. In 1728 he received a cardinal's hat, and in 1731 was 
nominated Archbishop of Bologna. On the death of Clement XII. the 
cardinals were a long time deliberating on the choice of a successor ; 
Lambertini, by way of quickening them, said, " Why do you waste your 
time in discussions? If you wish for a saint, elect Gotti — a politician, 
choose Aldrovandua — a good companion, take me." This sally pleased 
them so much that they elected him at once. He reformed many abuses, 
introduced good regulations, cultivated letters, encouraged men of learn- 
ing, and was a liberal patron of the fine arts. He died in 1758. This 
portrait was bequeathed by the Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts,, 
to his Majesty George IV. 



THE PRINCE OF WALEs's BED ROOM. 61 

631 Holy Family, by Pordenone. 

632 Holy Family, by Giorgione. 

633 River Scene, with Castle, by Van Diest. 

634 Mountain and Lake Scenery, by Van Diest. 

635 A Coast Scene, View of Scheveling, by Palamedes. 

636 Dutch Merrymaking, by Molinear. 

637 Ferry Boat and Fishermen, by Van Diest. 

638 Marriage of St. Catherine, after Titian. 

639 The Children of Charles I., after Vandyke. 

640 Venus and Youth at a brook. 

641 Acts of Mercy. 

642 View of Rome, Bridge, and Fire-works, by Fabier. 

643 Ruins, Goats and Sheep, by Brill. 

644 Windsor Castle, by Verdussen. 

645 Christ at the Well, after Correggio. 

646 River and Rock Scenery, by Ibbotson. 

647 A Landscape, by Van Diest. 

648 Peasant Woman, with Holly Boughs and Lamb, by 

Wheatley. 

649 Mountains and Waterfalls, by Ibbotson. 

650 Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia, daughter of James I., by 

Derick. 

651 A Battle Piece, by Huens. 

652 St. John in the Wilderness, by Huens. 

653 View of Rome, " Canal Scene," by Fabier. 

654 The Woman of Samaria. 

655 Landscape with Ruins, after Claude. 

656 Ruins and Figures, by Domenichino. 

657 Mockery of Jesus Christ, with Crown of Thorns, after 

Rubens. 

658 Sacrificing a Calf, by De Gelder. 

659 Flemish Musicians, by Feter de Hoogh. 

660 A Battle Piece, by Parrocel. 

661 Cupids dancing, by Wouters. 

662 Interior with figures, by G. Douw. 

663 Landscape with River Scene, by Hacker t. 

664 James Stuart, by B. Luti.* 

665 Temple with figures. 

* James Francis Edward, sou of James II., called the Old Pretender, 
horn June 10th, 1688, was soon after created Prince of Wales; he was 
taken hy the Queen, his mother, into France, where he was educated in 
the Roman Catholic religion, which cost him the crown of these realms. 
He was a youth of thirteen years of age at his father's death, when 
Louis XIV. proclaimed him successor to the British dominions. He had 
abilities still less than his father. During the latter years of his life he 
resided entirely at Rome, where he led a quiet life, although the hope of 
ascending the throne of England seems never wholly to have letfe him. 
He was the last of the Stuarts that received kingly honours, and died at 
Rome in 1765. 



62 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

666 Blind Man's Buff, by Pietro Longhi. 

667 Mary Queen of Scots,* by Zucchero. 

668 Yenus and Adonis, after Bub ens. 

669 Attending the Sick, by Pietro Longhi. 

670 Robbers in a Cave, dividing the Spoil, by S. Rosa. 

671 Faith, by Guercino. 

672 Salome with the Head of John the Baptist. 

673 The Action between the Arethusa and la Belle Poule. 
From this room the visitor will return through the Public 

Dining Room into 

THE ANTE-ROOM. 

674, 6/5 Views of Portsmouth, by Dankers. 

THE QUEEN'S PRIVATE CHAPEL. 

A model of Kew Palace. 
676 Jonah under the Gourd, by M. Hemskerck. 
677 — 683 Foreign Birds, by Bogdane. 

684 Our Saviour in the House with Mary and Martha, by 

Bassano. 

685 Peter in Prison, by Steenwyck. 

686 The History of Argus, by F. Floris. 

687 The Raising of Lazarus, by B. Van Orlay. 

* Mary, Queen of Scots. Full-length, in a mourning dress, her left hand 
resting on a table upon which is placed a breviary, the right hand hold- 
ing a rosary : her name, age 38, and date 1580, are inscribed on the pic- 
ture. Mary was daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of 
Lorraine, eldest daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and widow of Lewis, 
Duke of Longueville ; she was married to Francis II., King of France, 
upon which occasion she assumed the title of Queen of England, pretend- 
ing that Elizabeth was illegitimate, and unworthy to sit on the throne. 
On the death of her consort Francis II., in 1560, she returned to 
Scotland, of which kingdom she was queen, and espoused Henry Stuart, 
Lord Darnley, son to the Earl of Lennox, who became jealous of some 
familiarities between his queen and David Rizzio, the famous Italian 
musician, but Rizzio was killed in her presence j after which she became 
fond of the Earl of Bothwell, who killed the Lord Darnley and married 
his queen, though she had Prince James by the former. The Scotch 
lords drove Bothwell into banishment, who lived very miserably in 
Denmark ; while the Earl of Murray assumed the supreme authority in 
the name of Prince James, and the Queen took refuge in England, 
where Queen Elizabeth threw her into prison, and kept her there 
eighteen years, when she brought her to a trial for being an accomplice 
in certain conspiracies formed against her person, for which she was 
beheaded on the 18th of February, 1587, in Fotheringay Castle, in the 
forty-sixth year of her age. Queen Elizabeth, who among her other 
excellencies, was an excellent dissembler, immediately despatched a letter 
to her son, disavowing her privity to his mother's execution. Mary was 
soon after enrolled among the martyrs of the church of Rome. 



THE PRIVATE DINING ROOM. 63 

688 Christ healing the Sick, by A. Verrio. 

689 Holy FamilyT 

690 Thief on the Cross, by P. del Vaga. 

691 Thief on the Cross, by P. del Vaga. 

692 Holy Family, by Bassano. 

693 Pharaoh sleeping, by Van Harp. 

694 Ecce Homo, after Titian. 

695 Ecce Homo, after Titian. 

696 Holy Family, by Perugino. 

697 A Sea Piece, by Parcelles. 

698 Christ healing the Sick, by M. Hemskerck. 

699 The Resurrection of Christ, by L. Van Leyden. 

700 Peter in Prison, by Steenwyck. 

701 The Annunciation, by Bassano. 

702 The Tribute Money, by P. Veronese. 

703 Portrait of a Man with a large Beard. 

704 Joseph's Departure from Jacob. 

705 Virgin and Child, after Tintoretto. 

706 Holy Family, by Titian. 

707 Virgin and Child, by V. Mola. 

708 St. John, after Correggio. 

709 Joseph brought before Pharaoh. 

710 The Crucifixion, by L. Van Leyden. 

THE CLOSET NEAR THE CHAPEL. 

711 Children with a Goat, by Amiconi. 

712 An Italian Market, by Bamboccio. 

713 The Grecian Daughter. 

714 St. Paul. 

715 An Italian Market, by Bamboccio, 

716 Jupiter and Europa, after P. Veronese. 

717 Cupid and Psyche, by Lazzarini. 

718 George II., by Sir G. Kneller. 

719 Judith and Holofernes. 

720 — 724 Heads (sketches), by Tiepoli. 

725 A Portrait of an Old Man. 

726 Virgin and Child. 

727 An Act of Mercy, after J.. Caracci. 

728 Christ brought before Pilate, by Tintoretto. 

729 1 

730 f Dutch Amusements, by C. F. Cepper. 

731 A Landscape, by Lucatelli. 

THE PRIVATE DINING ROOM, 

In which are now placed the state beds of King William 
III. and his Queen, Mary ; also the bed used by King 
George II. when he resided in this Palace. 



64 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

732 A Landscape, by Dankers. 

733 Colonel St. Leger, by Gainsborough. 

734 Christ Bearing his Cross, by Van Harp. 

735 A Ruin, with Cattle at a Fountain, by Roos. 

736 George IV., by Oiven, after Hoppner. 

737 Christ in the House of Mary and Martha. 

738 The Stoning of St. Stephen, by Rothenhamer. 

739 A Landscape, with Ruins. 

740 Venus and Cupid, by Pontormo. 

741 Armed Men Fighting with Bears, by Bassano. 

742 View on the Thames, near Whitehall. 

743 A Magdalen. 

744 Ruins with a Vase, by Griffier. 

745 Holy Family, after Dosso Dossi. 

746 St. John, by L. Spada. 

747 Fisher, the Composer, by Gainsborough. 

748 A Child with a Lamb, by Sir F. Lely. 

749 A Virgin and Child. 

750 A Landscape, by Van Diest. 

751 A Landscape, by Edema. 

752 A Landscape, by Dankers. 

IN THE NEXT CLOSET AIIE 

753—764 Twelve Saints, by D. Fetti. 

765 Virgin and Child, after Vandyck. 

766 Virgin and Child, after Vandyck. 

767 View of Windsor Castle. 

768 Peter in Prison. 

THE QUEEN'S PRIVATE CHAMBER. 

A Model of a Palace, intended by George III. for Rich- 
mond Gardens, but never executed, designed by Sir 
W. Chambers. 

769 Buildings and Figures, by Ghisolfi. 

770 Queen of George II., and her Son William* Duke of 

Cumberland, by Sir G. Kneller. 

771 The Emperor Charles VI., by Kneller. 
112 Portrait of a Gentleman, by Bassano. 
773 A Lady and Gentleman, by Giorgione. 

* William Duke of Cumberland, second son of George II., was born 
in 1721, and, at an early age, entered on the duties of a military life. 
At the battle of Dettingen, in 1743, he was wounded while fighting by 
the side of his father, and in 1745 he signalized himself when Commander- 
in-chief of the British army in Flanders, at the battle of Fontenoy, 
where, however, he was obliged to yield the palm of victory to Marshal 
Saxe. On his return to England he took the field against the Scottish 
rebel troops, whom he defeated at the battle of Culloden. He died in 1765. 



GEORGE THE SECOND'S PRIVATE CHAMBER. 65 

774 Holy Family. 

775 A Landscape, by R. Savery. 

776 The Last Supper, by Bassano. 

Ill Anne, Duchess of York, by Sir P. Lely. 

778 The InfantDuke of Gloucester, with aBird, by Sir P. Lely. 

779 King William III. 

780 The Queen of James I., the Palace of Theobalds in the 

distance, by Van Somer. 

781 Tobit restored to Sight, by M. de Vos. 

782 George I., by Sir G. Kneller. 

783 George II., by Sir G. Kneller. 

784 Queen of George II. 

785 Still Life, by Roestraten. 

786 Cattle in a Landscape, by M. Carre. 

787 A Labyrinth, by Tintoretto. 

788 St. Catharine at the Altar, by P. Veronese. 

789 Frederick, Prince of Wales, when young. 

790 A Landscape, by Bankers. 

THE KING'S PRIVATE DRESSING ROOM, 

Hung with tapestry, representing the Battle of Solebay. 

The fine old Delf Vases in this room were brought to 
England by King William III. j and in the centre of 
the room is a very fine Marble Bust of a Negro, sup- 
posed to be a favourite servant of His Majesty. 
791 — 794 Four Doges of Venice, by Fialetti. 

795 Over the fire-place, Caroline, Queen of George II. 

796 Head of a Man, by Schiavone. 
197 St. Eocque Curing the Plague. 

798 Dead Game, with Fruit, by Snyders. 

GEORGE THE SECOND'S PRIVATE CHAMBER. 

799—802 Flower Pieces, by Baptiste. 
803 Fruit, with a Monkey and Bird. 
804—806 Flowers, by Baptiste. 

807 1 

808 f r ^ wo ^ ower Pi eces > by Mario di Fiori. 

809 Fruits, by M. A. Campidoglio, 
81 , K Flowers, by Baptiste. 

812 Fruits, by Van Aelst. 

813 Fruit, by M. A. Campidoglio. 

814 A Flower Piece, by Bogdane. 
815—818 Flowers, by Baptiste. 

~ 9n I Flowers, by Van Osterwyck. 



66 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

821 "1 

822 f ^ower P^ces with Insects, by Witkoos. 

823 Grapes, by M. A. Campidoglio. 

824 A Portrait of a Female with Flowers. 

825 Flowers, with Insects, by Withoos. 

Kicycz 1 

~« > Flowers, by Baptiste. 
®2® j Boys with Flowers, by S. Ricci. 

IN THE NEXT CLOSET, 

A Model of a Palace, intended by George II. for Hyde 
Park, designed by Kent. 

830 Judith with the Head of Holofemes. 

831 Lord Holderness. 

832 An Encampment, by Vander Meulen. 

833 The Judgment of Paris. 

834 A Portrait of a Gentleman. 

835 A Portrait of a Gentleman. 

CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL.* 

These drawings were designed by Raphael, about the year 

* This splendid genius was the son of Giovanni Sanzio, and born at 
Urbins, in 1483. Perugino was his master, whose dry manner he at 
first closely imitated, but afterwards abandoned, to emulate the learned 
designs and elegant compositions of L. da Vinci and Michael Angelo. 
With that aspiring view he studied, rather than copied, the antique ; 
while from Fra Bartolemo he acquired the true principles of colouring. 
At length, invited to Rome by his uncle, the famous architect Bramante, 
he was introduced to Pope Julius II., under whose auspices he soon de- 
veloped, in the Vatican, those wonderful talents which have crowned 
him " Prince of Painters." Raphael surpassed all modern painters, 
because he possessed more of the excellent parts of painting than any 
other, and he is believed to have equalled the ancients. He designed 
the naked, not indeed with so much learning as Michael Angelo, but 
with a purer and better taste. His manner of painting was not so good, 
so full, and so graceful as that of Correggio, nor has he the contrasted 
lights and shades, or the strong and free colouring of Titian, but his 
pieces have a better disposition, beyond comparison, than those of Titian, 
Correggio, Michael Angelo, or any of the succeeding painters. His 
choice of attitudes, of heads, of ornaments ; the propriety of his drapery, 
his manner of design, his varieties, his contrasts, his expression, were 
beautifully in perfection ; but above all, in the graces he is wholly un- 
equalled. The Popes, Julius II. and Leo X., and King Francis I. of 
France, with many other illustrious personages, honoured him with their 
patronage, and he enjoyed the friendship of the great literary characters 
of his age. He died on the day he completed his thirty-seventh year, 
having then lately finished his glorious work of the Transfiguration. His 
body was laid out in his painting room ; this grand picture stood by it. 
No funeral oration could have expressed so forcibly, as this simple ar- 
rangement, the unlimited powers of the human soul, or the frail tenure 
of earthly greatness. 



CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL. 67 

1520, according to the orders of Pope Leo X., and are a series 
of subjects taken from the Life of our Saviour and the Acts of 
the Apostles, who sent them to the famous manufactory at 
Arras, in Flanders, to be copied in tapestry, in two sets ; one 
of which was intended to decorate the pontifical apartments in 
the Vatican, where those tapestries still exist, although in a 
faded and dilapidated condition, and the other as a present 
from the Pope to our King Henry VIII. The cost of executing 
these tapestries was between sixty and seventy thousand crowns 
of gold. The set presented to Henry VIII. remained in Eng- 
land till after the death of King Charles I. These tapestries 
were sold with the rest of the royal collection in 1649, to Don 
Alonzo de Cardenas, the Spanish Ambassador, and at his de- 
cease devolved to the noble house of Alba, and remained in 
Spain at the Duke's palace, until sold to Mr. Tupper, the 
British Consul there in 1823, by whom they were again brought 
to England, and in 1833 passed by purchase into the hands of 
Mr. "William Trull, a merchant in London, who exhibited them 
in the Haymarket, London, June, 1838. They have since 
passed through various hands, and are now in Germany. 

This gallery was built by Sir Christopher Wren, for the 
Cartoons,* so called because they were painted on sheets of 



* The Cartoons have been engraved by Simon Grebbelin, a French 
artist ; these plates, although brilliant in effect, were too small to afford 
much assistance to the student, Nicholas Dorigny, another French 
engraver, supplied the world of taste, to the utmost of his abilities, in his 
large plates, which, although not uniformly correct in character and ex- 
pression, are, from their free and masterly style of execution, justly 
admired. 

In the year 1800, however, the task was undertaken by a most accom- 
plished engraver, the late Thomas Holloway, and his able coadjutors, 
R. Slann and T. S. Webb, under the immediate patronage of his Majesty 
George III., and to which it may be said they devoted their lives, for 
not until forty-one years after the work was undertaken, was it conducted 
to a close. Each print was originally published separately as it was pro- 
duced; and it will be obvious that, as works resulting from such immense 
labour, necessarily bore a corresponding price — their cost confined their 
circulation to the wealthy. Circumstances have, however, enabled the 
present proprietor to issue this truly national series of magni- 
ficent Engravings from the greatest Works in the World 
at such prices as will place them within reach of persons of moderate 
means — at such prices, indeed, as will justify him in describing them as the 
cheapest publications that have ever been issued in this or any other 
country — viz. : 21s. each, or the seven for 6 guineas. 

The Series may be justly classed among the most admirable examples 
of Line Engraving that have been executed -, the Engravers trusted for 
fame entirely to these productions, upon which so great a portion of 
their lives were expended ; and it is not too much to say that, as prints, 
they are worthy associates of the immortal drawings. 

There is also a set of Lithograph Prints, by Mr. G. Foggo, who pub- 
lished them in 1828. They are sold at a very low price. 



68 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

paper. These fine compositions of Raphael, have not only- 
occupied a larger space among writers, but have received more 
general attention for a longer period than any other works of 
art, and the united circumstances which have occasioned this 
may be traced to the miraculous subjects themselves, no less 
than the clear and perspicuous manner in which they are 
treated, calculated not only to excite astonishment and ad- 
miration, but adapted to develope sacred truths, enlarge our 
mental enjoyments, and make broader the paths to civilization, 
refinement, and the arts. The Cartoons were bought in 
Flanders, by Rubens, for King Charles I., at the recommenda- 
tion of the Duke of Buckingham. At the dispersion and sale 
of the royal collection, they were secured to the country by 
purchase for .36300, by Cromwell's command. In the reign of 
King Charles II., they were again consigned to neglect. 
William III. had them repaired by Cooke, an artist. George 
III. removed them to Buckingham House, and subsequently 
to Windsor, where they remained about twenty years, when 
His Majesty restored them to this gallery. 
836 The first is, the Death of Ananias.* 

* This composition at once conveys the impression of a catastrophe, the 
result of Divine infliction ; the Apostolic group is full of varied dignity. 
In the midst of these, St. Peter, who pronounced the fatal sentence, is 
eminently conspicuous. His countenance exhibits a terrible self-pos- 
session, excited by the certainty that his denunciation would instantly be 
accomplished. Such was the nature of the crime, that his justice is 
altogether unattempered by mercy ; not only the expression of his face, 
but the action of his arm and hand, his firm attitude, and whole deport- 
ment, show him to be the inflexible judge, in whom there is neither the 
hesitation of doubt, nor the thought of pardon. The figure of Ananias, 
prone and convulsed in the foreground, produces an effect on those about 
him admirably contrasted to the awful and judicial stillness of the 
Apostles. Partially clothed, in order more effectually to distinguish him, 
he exhibits death struggling in his limbs and muscles, as well as labour- 
ing in his countenance ; he is agitated by that last effort of nature, 
which in a moment will leave him extended on the marble floor a lifeless 
corpse. The character of the face is finely conceived. The figures next 
in importance after Ananias and the Apostles, are those immediately in 
front of the dying object ; and it is in consequence of this situation that 
the effect of terror is more forcibly displayed in them than in the groups 
behind Ananias, to whom the dreadful transition from life to death was 
not so instantaneously apparent. Horror and amazement are indeed 
blended to their utmost possible extent of expression in the character of 
the man, possibly intended for Joses, who is mentioned to have con- 
tributed his possessions a short time before. Struck with consternation, 
he has fallen on his knee, and for an instant seems fixed to the ground. 
The female behind him discovers her alarm in a manner in every respect 
suited to her sex ; her fear compels her to turn round, as if preparing for 
flight. Her expressive countenance, notwithstanding its agitation, retains 
its natural beauty, and finely harmonizes with the elegance of her form. 
The two figures at the head of Ananias are strikingly varied ; the one 
wearing a turban manifests a mixed emotion of curiosity and fear, the 



CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL. 69 

837 The second, Elymas the Sorcerer.* 

younger one, pointing upwards, bears the expression of painful solicitude 
for the state of the dying man ; his manner seems to denote an interest 
beyond that of a simple spectator. Raphael has on one side of his pic- 
ture placed the rich bringing their contributions, and on the other the 
poor receiving relief ; the mind, turning from the spectacle of horror in 
front, reposes for awhile upon this exhibition of charity and gratitude, 
and returns to behold the tragic part of the composition with double 
effect. 

* The apostles Paul and Barnabas, having promulgated with considerable 
success the doctrines of Christianity through a great part of the island of 
Cyprus, were invited by Sergius Paulus, Proconsul of Asia, then residing 
at Paphos, to discuss the subject in his presence. The importance which 
the Proconsul attached to the interview may be estimated by the terms 
in which he addressed his message, " he desired to hear the word of 
God." The audience of the Apostles therefore being public, Raphael has 
chosen the judgment seat of the Roman deputy for the scene of his picture. 
It was doubtless in this situation that St. Paul, obeying the order of the 
Proconsul, encountered the malignant antagonist who forms the third 
personage in this dramatic composition. This man being a Jew, adopted 
amongst his countrymen, for the promotion of his sinister purposes, the 
character of a prophet, but practised in his association with the Greeks 
the arts of a magician ; and therefore called by them Elymas the Sorcerer. 
Being interrupted by him, St. Paul, conscious of the power with which he 
was invested for the punishment of irreclaimable vice, as well as for the 
dissemination of truth, suddenly dropping the argument, fixed his eyes on 
the intruder, and said : " O full of all subtilty and mischief, thou child of 
the devil, thou enemy of all righteousness, wilt thou not cease to pervert 
the right ways of the Lord ; and now behold the hand of the Lord is upon 
thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season." The effect 
was instantaneous ; immediately there fell on him a mist and a darkness, 
and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand. 

Mr. Holloway, who engraved the Cartoons, under the patronage of His 
Majesty George III., was nearly twenty years in this Gallery in making 
his drawings, and whose whole mind was entirely devoted to the Cartoons. 
He saw no fault in them. He enjoyed the opportunity of frequent con- 
versation with the numerous visitors to the Palace, and he was very fond 
of relating the following anecdote: "A select party, amongst whom 
were Mr. West and Mr. Garrick, visited by invitation the Earl of Exeter, 
at Burleigh-house. After dinner, the conversation turned on Garrick's 
beautiful villa at Hampton ; then on the neighbouring palace. As an 
obvious subject, the Cartoons were noticed ; when Garrick, addressing 
himself to Mr. West, said, ' These Cartoons are spoken of as the first 
works of art in the world, yet I have often passed through the gallery, in 
a hurried manner perhaps, with other companies, without being much 
impressed by them.' Mr. West expressed his surprise, and replied, ' That 
the superior excellencies of these pictures can only be discovered and 
appreciated by study must naturally be supposed, but that such a man 
as Garrick should not be arrested in his pi'ogress as he looked at them, 
or not have his attention attracted by some principal beauty or figure, is 
extraordinary/ Mr. G. asked what figure was particularly calculated to 
produce such an effect ? ' Several,' was the answer. ' But name one,' said 
Mr. G. impatiently. Elymas, was instanced. 'Ah,' replied Mr. Garrick, ' I 
now recollect I was struck with this figure, but did not think it quite in 
character : this man was an attendant at the court of a Roman governor, 
and, as versed in abstruse subjects, could be no vulgar fellow ; yet he stands 



70 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT 

838 The third, Peter and John at the Beautiful Gate.* 

with his feet straight forward in the manner of a clown. Why did not 
Raphael make him in his distress extend his arms like a gentleman while 
seeking assistance?' The company, highly interested in the conver- 
sation, united in requesting the favour of Mr. Garrick to personate the 
sorcerer as he would on the stage ; adding the compliment that he was 
always led by the strong feelings of his mind into such perfect expression 
of look and propriety of attitude, suitable to the character he represented,, 
that the theatre and the actor were forgotten in the impression of reality 
with which he governed his audience. He consented ; and by the time 
he was in the middle of the room appeared the exact counterpart of 
Raphael's design. Mr. West softly approached him, and desired him not 
to alter his position, but to throw off his blindness and survey himself. 
' I am Raphael's Elymas ! I am Raphael's Elymas !' he exclaimed, to the 
great delight of Lord Exeter and his guests. 'I perceive,' he added, in 
reply to a banter of Mr. West about the elegance of his attitude, ' that a 
man in such circumstances, when deprived of his sight by a superior 
power, will not present the foot incautiously to obstacles, or think of a 
graceful extension of his arms. Fingers and toes will, like the feelers of 
an insect, be advanced for discovery and protection.' This was considered 
by the company as a new proof of the accuracy with which the finest 
painter that ever lived delineated nature, and that Garrick was the first 
actor of the world." 

* Nothing that we are acquainted with can compare with the effect pro- 
duced by those ornamental spiral columns with raised figures in relief for 
the portico, or as it is called, " Solomon's Porch," of the Temple at 
Jerusalem. These fine columns are ranged four deep, and divide the 
composition into three parts. The Apostles Peter and John occupy the 
middle compartment. How diligently Raphael studied the sacred text, 
which narrates the incident now represented, is apparent. The Apostles 
Peter and John were entering the temple at Jerusalem by the " Gate 
which was called Beautiful;" a cripple, who was brought there daily, and 
had been lame from his birth, solicited alms as they passed. " Then Peter 
said, Silver and gold have I none, but such as I have I give unto thee. In 
the name of Jesus of Nazareth, rise up and walk." The sentiment ex- 
pressed by St. Peter before the miracle is beautiful ; it is not possible by 
any other language to convey so vivid an idea of a good and kind heart. 
It is evident the consciousness of divine inspiration had come upon him 
at the first sight of the cripple ; but there was no visible demonstration 
to show his sublime purpose toward him, nor did he attempt to inflame 
his mind by the infusion of enthusiasm, or exhortations of confidence ; 
his attention had been summoned only by the dignified command, " Look 
on us 1" St. John regards the cripple with an air of the most mild and 
gracious benevolence. On the left is seen a beautiful female with a 
basket of offerings on her head, and conducting by the hand her little son 
bearing doves, whose beauty and swiftness of foot, as running he keeps 
close to her side, animate her with becoming pride. The fine old man 
near the cripple deserves particular notice ; he rests firmly on his staff, 
and with keen and inquisitive eye appears to expect in the countenance 
of St. Peter some new and mysterious manifestation of divine power 
beyond the benignant regard and energy of mere human expression. So 
fixed is his scrutinizing look and so firm his purpose, that neither is he 
deterred by the impetuosity of the individual behind him who is endeavour- 
ing to force his way forward, nor by the thoughtless violence of the boy 
who, with no puny strength, draws him by the girdle, and seems to say, 
" Let us depart into the temple ; do you not see my mother and my 



CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL. 4 1 

839 The fourth, the Miraculous Draught of Fishes.* 

brother hastening thither ?" How majestically, on the right, stands the 
noble figure, partly concealed by the mendicant and the front pillar, of 
the most dignified spectator in the composition ! How masculine, and 
yet how elegant his form and attitude. The introduction of the second 
deformed mendicant may possibly, by some, be considered superfluous, 
and it is difficult to judge accurately of the expression of this inferior man; 
be does not seem malignantly opposed to the Apostles, or envious of his 
late associate in calamity, if indeed he is able to comprehend the meaning 
of the promised boon, but he is plainly a mendicant by choice, and is 
furnished for his occasional necessities ; he can change his place without 
help, and lives by his infirmities ; he is even now thinking of alms, and 
would not, perhaps, without admonition and entreaty, prefer a perfect 
cure of his deformities to the gifts of " silver and gold." 

Gladly does the eye remove from his forbidding aspect to the captivat- 
ing display of grace, innocence, and beauty of the Jewish female who, 
with her infant in her arms, is returning from the interior of the temple. 
Her mind is in the most delightful state ; still dwelling on the recent 
exercise of her devotions at the altar, where, with sincerity and cheerful- 
ness, she performed at once the duties of the law and of inclination. 
She is a constant votary, and we may suppose had entered the temple 
distributing alms liberally to him especially who is now the subject of 
apostolic aid, receiving, in exchange, looks and words of benediction and 
gratitude. She is grateful for herself, for her first-born, for whom she has 
been offering up gifts and thanks ; and who has been solemnly dedicated 
a new member of the religion of her forefathers. 

* In this picture a majestic solitude contributes, by the contrast of its 
tranquillity, to heighten the intensity of human feeling, and exalt the 
sacredness of divinity. An elevated horizon limits the waters of a capa- 
cious lake, diffused with the sublimity of the ocean, and bounded in the 
foreground by a lonely and unfrequented shore, whose desertion is marked 
by scattered shells, and the presence of a few water birds preying on fish. 
The interesting groups of men and women, with their children, that ani- 
mate the distant architectural landscape, show that something unusual 
has preceded the present scene j and indicate also, that what is occurring 
was not an isolated circumstance beginning and ending with itself, but 
connected with the general benefit of the people ; for Peter, after this 
miracle, became an apostle of Christ, and teacher of his brethren. From 
the history, it appears that Christ, after having instructed the multitude 
from a vessel in which he had entered in order to avoid the pressure of 
the throng, desired Peter and his companions to leave the shore and recede 
into deep water for the purpose of fishing. It is necessary, in order to 
comprehend the full meaning of the scene exhibited, to remind the reader 
that Peter and the rest had been out to catch fish the preceding night 
without success, and therefore urged with Christ the inutility of repeat- 
ing the attempt, thinking that the time was either not seasonable or not 
propitious ; they had no expectation that upon so ordinary an occasion 
their Master would exercise a power which ultimately helped to confirm 
his mission, and made Peter and the rest his devoted followers. The 
mandate, however, was obeyed, and the nets cast into the water ; in a 
moment they were filled to repletion, and the boats in apparent danger of 
sinking. Is it possible to survey the figure of Christ without acknow- 
ledging an appearance very different from the display of mere human 
power ? The superiority is equally shown in the act and in the manner : 
a placid dignity of mien, a parental regard, a soothing action, an undis- 
turbed attitude, are all combined in a figure intended to show the master 



72 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

840 The fifth, Paul and Barnabas at Lystra.* 

of nature and the friend of man. He perceives the agitated state of Peter, 
and with the mildest accents addresses him thus : " Fear not, from 
henceforth thou shalt catch men." Can it excite surprise, that upon such 
an event Peter should yield to the mingled emotion of fear, respect, sup- 
plication, humility, and veneration. The language which he uttered, 
"Depart from me., for I am a sinful man, O Lord," was an expression 
that is perfectly embodied in the picture, and it is difficult to say whe- 
ther the words or the features of the humble fisherman are the best in- 
terpreters of his heart. Behind Peter is James. He also displays a most 
admirable feeling and expression. Homage, gratitude, and acknowledg- 
ment are equally depicted in this graceful figure. He acquiesces in all 
that Peter says and does, but has more dignity ; he is equally submissive, 
but is perhaps less profoundly touched in those deep-seated emotions 
which agitate a strong heart upon remarkable occasions. The first cha- 
racter in the second boat is John. With the ardour of a young man, he 
is determined to make good the draught of the net. In his exertions he 
is seconded by Andrew, who strenuously confines himself to his task ; his 
wonder is lost for the present in laborious and unexpected employment. 

These stooping figures are finely drawn, and by their position and atti- 
tude make an interesting variety in the grouping. At the end of this boat 
is Zebedee, carefully with his pole attending to the management of the 
vessel. The boats perhaps are too small, but this circumstance enabled 
Raphael to make his figures more conspicuous: "Vessels of a greater 
bulk would have ungracefully taken up the space, and something must 
have been sacrificed in the proportion of the figures to the other 
Cartoons." 

* It is related that the Apostles Paul and Barnabas, as they traversed the 
country of Lycaonia, to disseminate the doctrines of Christianity, made 
choice of an opportunity at Lystra, to confirm their mission by a miracle. 
There was a man who had been lame from his birth, and who, in the hope 
of alms, was undoubtedly placed in one of those public situations which 
the Apostles would naturally select for their first address to the people. 
The same heard Paul speak, "who steadfastly beholding him, and per- 
ceiving that he had faith to be healed, said with a loud voice, Stand upright 
on thy feet; and he leaped up and walked." This astonishing circum- 
stance could not fail to be immediately observed. The evidence of 
supernatural power, exhibited before the eyes of the whole city, might 
have been expected to produce an immediate conviction of the divine 
origin of the new faith. The effect, however, was different ; the miracle 
was indeed not only admitted, but the acknowledgment of superhuman 
interposition was transferred by the pagans to their own deities, and Paul 
and Barnabas were saluted, not as the Apostles of Christ, but as Mercury 
and Jupiter. " The gods are come down in the likeness of men," is the 
exclamation; "and the priests of Jupiter brought oxen and garlands 
unto the gates, and would have done sacrifice with the people/' This 
part of the composition is from an antique basso-relievo. The figure of 
the man who is aiming his blow at the beast is finely represented, while 
the cripple who is restored, and the old man who contemplates the limb 
which has been supernaturally strengthened, are displayed with the most 
perfect adherence to truth and nature. Two beautiful children, trained 
in uncontaminated innocence, lend their well-taught aid to the solemn 
service, the one sounding musical instruments, the other holding a box of 
incense, ready to perfume the flames which arise from the richly- decorated 
altar. On the left St. Paul is represented in the act of rending his gar- 
ments. The face of the Apostle is averted from a scene which he is afraid 



CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL. 73 

$41 The sixth, Paul preaching at Athens.* 

to contemplate ; his expression evinces disgust and shame, humility and 
anger. " Why do ye these things ? we also are men of like passions with 
yourselves, and preach unto you that ye should turn from these vanities 
unto the living God." Barnabas, who is placed behind St. Paul, suffers 
no less than the chief Apostle. 

* The eye no sooner glances on this celebrated Cartoon, than it is imme- 
diately struck with the commanding attitude of the speaker, and the 
various emotions excited in his hearers. The interest which the first ap- 
pearance of St. Paul at Athens had occasioned was not calculated to sub- 
side on a sudden ; his doctrines were too new, and his zeal too ardent. 
From the multitude it ascended to the Philosophers. The Epicureans 
and Stoics particularly assailed him. By far the greater part, however, 
obstinately bigoted to their particular tenets, and abhorring innovation, 
regarded him as impious, or a mere babbler ; these also wished to hear 
him again. With these various motives, and by general consent, he is 
brought to the Areopagus, a place in Athens dedicated to judicial investi- 
gation. St. Paul, upon this occasion, is not surrounded by a promiscuous 
and misgoverned throng: every thing is conducted with decorum. He is 
placed on the eminence of Mars Hill, while his opponents and others 
arrange themselves around him in silence and expectation. In a moment 
his mind kindles into that fervour of eloquence which the Athenians 
so passionately admired, and while all eyes are directed towards him, 
he opens his address with the well-known, concise, and dignified exordium, 
" Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious ; 
for, as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this 
inscription, To the Unknown God. Whom therefore ye ignorantly 
worship, him declare I unto you' 1 This seems to be the precise time 
chosen by the painter ; an instant when the animation of St. Paul was at 
the highest. His sentiment, his eyes, his hands, appear to lay hold on 
heaven ; he stands with more dignified firmness ; his whole attitude is full 
of the sacred authority of his mission ; and for the moment, rapt in sub- 
lime consciousness, he appears the minister of a superior Being. The 
painter has proceeded, from the warmth of full conviction through various 
gradations, to the extremes of malignant prejudice and invincible bigotry. 
In the foreground on the right is Dionysius, who is recorded to have em- 
braced the new religion. Behind is Damaris, mentioned with him as a 
fellow believer. This is the only female in the composition. Next to 
these, but at some distance, is a Stoic. The first survey of this figure 
conveys the nature of his peculiar philosophy, dignity and austerity. 
His head is sunk in his breast ; his arms are mechanically folded, his 
eyes, almost shut, glance towards the ground ; he is absorbed in reflec- 
tion. Behind the Stoic are two young men well contrasted in expression ; 
anger in the elder, and in the other youthful pride half abashed, are finely 
discriminated. Beyond, in the same continued half-circle with the Stoic, 
is perhaps exhibited the most astonishing contrast ever imagined, that of 
inexorable sternness, and complete placidity. Of the two figures the first 
is denominated a Cynic, who, disappointed in his expectation of the 
ridiculous appearance which he conceived the Apostle, when confronted, 
would make among them, abandons his mind to rage. His formidable 
forehead concentrates its whole expression; with a fixed frown, and 
threatening eye, he surveys the object of his indignation. He alone would 
engage to confute him, or punish his temerity. His eager impatience and 
irritation are not discovered in his features only ; he raises his heel from 
the ground, and leans with a firmer pressure on his crutch, which seems 
to bend beneath him. Pass from him to the more polished Epicurean. 

E 



74 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

842 The seventh, Christ's Charge to Peter.* 

This figure exhibits perfect repose of body and mind ; no passions agitate 
the one, no action discomposes the other. His hands, judiciously con- 
cealed beneath beautiful drapery, show there can be no possible motion 
or employment for them. His feet seem to sleep upon the ground. His 
countenance, which is highly pleasing, and full of natural gentleness, ex- 
presses only a smile of pity at the fancied errors of the Apostles. Beyond 
is a character in whose mind the force of truth and eloquence appears to 
have produced conviction; but pride, vanity, or self-interest, impel him 
to dissemble. His finger, placed upon the upper lip, shows that he has 
imposed silence upon himself. In the centre is seated a group from the 
Academy. These figures are not only thrown into shade, to prevent their 
interference with the principal figure, but, from their posture, they con- 
tribute to its elevation, and at the same time vary the line of the stand- 
ing group. When from this detailed display of the Cartoon the eye 
again glances over the whole subject, including the dignity of the 
architecture, the propriety of the statue of Mars, which faces his temple, 
the happy management of the landscape with the two conversation 
figures, the result must be an acknowledgment that in this one effort of 
art is combined all that is great in drawing, in expression, and in com- 
position. 

* In the development 1 of this Cartoon, it is not easy to point out 
which of its properties first claims the attention. The interest and emo- 
tion which animate the group are so immediately communicated to the 
spectator, that it may obtain the general denomination of a picture of 
sympathy. And perhaps the first detached excellencies which excite 
admiration, are the prevailing dignity of the figures and the judicious 
space which is interposed between the disciples and the exalted object 
before them. Instead of familiarly crowding around him, which would, 
have implied an insensibility to the striking event of his appearance to 
them after his Resurrection, they seem by their distance to be conscious 
of the new relation in which they stand. The strong emotion which some 
discover, and the attention generally excited, are the result of that solemn 
communication which Christ particularly addressed to Peter, and of which 
the rest were the interested witnesses and hearers. The scene of the 
picture is at the sea of Tiberias ; on which some of the disciples had been 
employed in their avocation of fishing. At the last solemn meeting which 
Christ held with his disciples before his death, he foretold that in his suf- 
ferings they would all desert him ; but Peter, at that time sincere in the 
expression of his zeal, exclaimed with great animation, that he at least 
would not be of that number. Christ's prediction, however, that this 
Apostle would both forsake and deny him, was fully verified. And, per- 
haps, it was in allusion to his threefold denial, and to remind him of the 
improper distinction which he had claimed over his companions, that upon 
the present occasion the Saviour pathetically addressed him three times 
in the following words : first, " Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou me more 
than these?" and twice afterwards, " Simon, son of Jonas, lovest thou 
me ? " adding, after the several answers of Peter, " Feed my sheep." In 
analyzing the individual characters of which this Cartoon is composed, the 
first that engages the mind is the sublime figure of Christ ; which conveys 
to the utmost possible extent the idea of a superior being risen from the 
dead. The body partially covered ; the continued sympathetic action of • 
the hands; and the half averted majesty of the attitude, equally promote 
the painter's intention. The head and figure of Peter are perfectly 
characteristic of his simplicity, without appearing to comprehend the full 
extent of the question put to him, but subdued by the personality of the 



THE PORTRAIT GALLERY. 75 

THE ANTE-ROOM. 

843 Lot and his Daughters, after Guido. 

844 Joseph Interpreting the Dream of the Chief Butler and 

Baker. 

845 A Chalk Drawing on Paper of Raphael's celebrated 

Picture of the Transfiguration. This fine copy was 
made by Casanova, for Lord Baltimore, who presented 
it to His Majesty George III. 

846 A Landscape, by Oldenburg. 

847 John Lacy, a Comedian in the reign of Charles II., by 

Wright. 

848 A Battle Piece, by Bourgognone. 

849 Magdalen, by Lely. 

850 A Sea Piece, by Parcelles. 

851 A Female with a Helmet, by Pordenone. 

852 The Interview of Henry V. with the Princess of France, 

by Kent. 

853 Louis XIV. on Horseback. 

854 Judith with the Head of Holofernes, by Guido. 

855 The Palace of Prince Maurice of Nassau at Cleves, by 

Oldenburg. 

85 6 Female with Flowers. 

857 The Marriage of Henry V., by Kent. 

858 The Destruction of Popery by the Evangelists. 

859 Susanna and the Elders, by P. Veronese. 

860 Diana. 

861 Head of a Young Man, by C. Cignani. 

862 Lucretia. 

863 Chiron instructing Achilles in the Use of the Bow. 

THE PORTRAIT GALLERY. 

864 William, Prince of Orange, by Sir G. Kneller. 

865 Admiral Lord Keith.* 

address, he has fallen on the ground, and appears to have made his 
answer with his usual sincerity of manner, but with less fervour and con- 
fidence. Behind Peter, John is seen advancing to the front, with a 
countenance the most benign and affectionate. He seems as if he was 
about to assure his Lord that his love was at least equal to Peter's ; for 
whom, however, the sympathy so exquisitely blended in his expression 
indicates much compassion, and perhaps an intention to intercede. The 
whole landscape is pastoral and picturesque; and the elevated horizon 
contributes not only to embody the effect of the figures, by affording a 
fine rich contrast to the lights and gentle tones, but in harmonizing and 
supporting the deep shadows. To an attentive observer, the propriety 
and fitness of every object in the landscape will also be manifest. The 
water introduced is part of the sea of Tiberias, already mentioned as the 
scene of the picture. 
* George Keith Elphinstone, born in 1747, was a distinguished naval 
e2 



76 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COUET. 

866—869 Portraits of Foreign Princes. 

870 Dobson and his Wife, by Dobson.* 

871 Mary, Queen of James II., by Verelst. 

872 Lord Hutchinson,t by T. Phillips, R. A. 

873 — 881 The Triumphs of Julius Caesar, consisting of nine 
pictures in water colours, painted by Andrea Mantegna, 
for the Marquis of Mantua ; they are the most es- 
teemed of his works, and were purchased with the rest 
of that celebrated collection by Charles I. for £80,000. 

882 Sir P. Lely, by himself. 

883 Portrait of a Man, with his hand on his breast. 

884 George, Prince of Denmark, by Dahl. 

885 Duke of Gloucester, by Kneller. 

886 Portrait of a Lady. 

887 Hurd, Bishop of Worcester, by Gainsborough. 

888 North, Bishop of Winchester, by Dance. 

889 Hurd, J Bishop of Worcester, by Gainsborough. 



officer. He entered the service early in life, and arrived at the rank of 
Rear-Admiral in 1795. During the American war he served with great 
credit at the attack on Mud Island, at Charlestown. He commanded 
the fleet destined for the capture of the Cape of Good Hope, in which 
he not only succeeded, but compelled the Dutch, who advanced to the 
relief of the colony, to surrender at discretion. His services on 
numerous other occasions were highly valuable. He was elevated to 
the peerage, and died in 1823. 

* This artist was recommended to Charles the First by Vandyck, who 
became acquainted with him through observing one of his pictures ex- 
posed for sale on Snow Hill. This piece had merit, and Vandyck 
inquiring for the painter, was introduced to Dobson, who was then at 
work in a garret. He painted many of the Nobility of Charles's court, 
but his conduct being imprudent, he became involved in debt, and was 
committed to prison, whence he was delivered by Mr. Vaughan of the 
Exchequer, but he died soon afterwards in St. Martin's Lane. 

f Lord Hutchinson, born in 1757. He entered the army in 1774, as 
a cornet in the 18th dragoons, and rose regularly till he obtained a 
colonelcy. He served in Flanders as aide-de-camp to Sir Ralph Aber- 
cromby. In the expedition to Egypt in 1801, he was second ia command 
to Sir R. Abercromby, and when that gallant officer fell at the battle of 
Alexandria, the chief command devolved on Major-general Hutchinson, 
who receiving reinforcements, advanced upon the enemy, and having pur- 
sued them to Cairo, a capitulation took place — the expedilion terminated 
in an agreement for the French to evacuate Egypt. For his able services 
in this campaign he was raised to the peerage, with a pension of ^2000 
per annum. In 1825, he succeeded his brother as Earl of Donoughonore; 
he died 1832. 

% Richard Hurd, born in 1720, at Congreve, in Staffordshire, was edu- 
cated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there 
in 1742. He was raised to the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry in 
1775, and not long after was made preceptor to the Prince of Wales 
and Duke of York, He was translated to the see of Worcester in 1781. 
Died in 1808. 



THE PORTRAIT GALLERY, 77 

890 Spencer Percival,* by Joseph. 

891 Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 

892 Sir Jeffrey Hudson, f by My tens. 

* Spencer Percival, the second son of the Earl of Egmont, wasborn 
in 1762; he was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, practised as a 
chancery barrister, and filled the office of Solicitor and Attorney-General. 
In 1807 he accepted the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer. At the 
death of the Duke of Portland in 1809, he became First Lord of the 
Treasury. On the 11th of May, 1812, he was shot on entering the 
lobby of the House of Commons, by a person named Bellingham. Thus 
the unfortunate minister fell a victim to the misdirected vengeance of a 
man who conceived himself injured by the conduct of another member of 
the government, for whom he had mistaken him. 

f This distinguished little personage was born in 1619, at Okenham, 
in Rutlandshire. John Hudson, his father, who kept and ordered the 
baiting bulls for George, Duke of Buckingham, the then possessor of 
Burleigh on ihe Hill, in the above county, was a very proper man, says 
Fuller, broad shouldered and chested, though his son never arrived at a 
full ell in stature. Wright also, in his History of Rutlandshire, speaking 
of the father, remarks, that he was a person of lusty stature, as well as 
all his children, except Jeffrey, who when seven years of age was scarcely 
eighteen inches in height, yet without any deformity, and wholly propor- 
tionable. Between the age of seven and nine he was taken into the ser- 
vice of the Duchess of Buckingham, at Burleigh, where, says Fuller, he 
was instantly heightened, not in stature, but in condition, from one de- 
gree above rags into silk and satins, and two tall men to attend him. 
Shortly afterwards he was served up in a cold pie, at an entertainment 
given to Charles I. and his Queen Henrietta Maria, in their progress 
through Rutlandshire, and was then, most probably, presented to the 
Queen, in whose service he continued many years. At a masque given 
at court, the King's gigantic porter drew him out of his pocket, to the 
surprise of all the spectators. Thus favoured by royalty, the humility 
incident to his birth forsook him, which made him that he did not know 
himself, and would not know his father, and which, by the King's com- 
mand, caused, justly, his sound correction. In 1630 he was sent into 
France, to fetch a midwife for the Queen, but on his return he had the 
misfortune to be taken at sea by a Flemish pirate, who carried him a 
prisoner to Dunkirk ; on this occasion he lost property to the value of 
2500/., which he had received in presents from the French court. This 
event furnished a subject for a poem, in two cantos, to Sir William 
D'Avenant, who entitled it " Jeffreidos," and has described our dimi- 
nutive hero as engaged in a battle with a turkey-cock, from whose inflated 
rage he was preserved by the midwife. After the commencement of the 
civil wars he became a captain of horse in the royal army, and accom- 
panied the Queen to France. Here he had the misfortune to engage in 
a dispute with Mr. Crofts, brother to the Lord Crofts, who accounting 
him the object not of his anger, but contempt, accepted his challenge to 
fight a duel, yet coming, says Walpole, to the rendezvous armed only 
with a squirt, the little creature was so enraged that a real duel ensued, 
and the appointment being on horseback, with pistols, to put them more 
on a level, Jeffrey, with the first fire, shot his antagonist dead. For this 
Jeffrey was first imprisoned, and afterwards expelled the court. He 
was now about thirty years old, and, according to his own affirmation, 
had never increased anything considerable in height since the age of 
seven. New misfortunes however awaited him and accelerated his 



78 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

893 Frederick Prince of Wales, when young. 

894 The Emperor Paul of Russia. 

895 Stanislaus, King of Poland. 

896 A Venetian Gentleman, by L. Bassano. 

897 Portrait of a Gentleman. 

898 Portrait of a Lady. 

899 Schachner of Austria. 

900 A Man in a Large Ruff. 

901 Jane Shore. 

902 Portrait of a Man, with ajjWatch in his hand, by Peter 

van Aelst. 

903 An Italian Gentleman, by G. Pens. 

904 Alderman Lemon. 

905 Lord Darnley and his Brother, by L. de Heere, 

906 Portrait of a Man with a Paper in his hand. 

907 A whole length of a Venetian Gentleman, by Giorgione. 

908 La Belle Gabriel, Duchess of Beaufort. 

909 Portraits of Two Gentlemen Unkown. 

910 Duke of Wirtemburg,* by Mytens. 
911,912 Portraits of Gentlemen unknown. 
913, 914 Portraits of Gentlemen unknown. 

915 Edward III. 

916 Portrait of a Lady. 

917 The Daughters of George II., by Maingaud. 

918 Portrait of a Gentleman. 

919 A Portrait of a Lady. 

920 Haydn the Composer. 



growth, though at such mature years. He was a second time made cap- 
tive at sea, by a Turkish rover ; and having been conveyed to Barbary, 
was there sold as a slave, in which condition he passed many years, 
exposed to numerous hardships, much labour, and frequent beating. 
He now shot up in a little time to that height of stature which he 
remained at in his old age, viz., about three feet and nine inches; the 
cause of which he ascribed to the severity he had experienced during his 
captivity. After he had been redeemed he returned to England, and 
lived for some time in his native county, on some small pensions allowed 
him by the Duke of Buckingham and other persons of rank. He after- 
wards removed to London, where, during the heats occasioned by the 
examination into the Popish plot discovered by Titus Oates, he was 
taken up as a Papist, and committed to the Gate House, where he lay a 
considerable time. He died in 1682, shortly after his release, in the 
sixty-third year of his age. 

* Frederick VI., Duke of Wirtemburg. He was elected a knight of 
the Garter in the reign of James I., who sent Lord Spencer to Germany 
to invest him with the ensigns of the order. His serene highness was 
denominated the Magnanimous, for having, after the demise of his uncle, 
Lewis III., recovered the duchy of Wirtemburg, and shaken of the 
dominion of the house of Austria. This prince had been ambassador at 
the English court. He died in 1608. 



THE QUEEN'S GUAED CHAMBER. 79 

921, 922 Portraits of Ladies unknown. 

923 William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, great grandfather 

to King William III. 

924 George I. 

925 Louis XV. of France, when young. 

926 Queen of Prussia. 

927 Portrait of a Gentleman. 

928 A Portrait of a Lady. 

929 General Spalken. 

930, 931 Portraits of Ladies unknown. 

THE QUEEN'S STAIRCASE. 

An ornamental ceiling, painted by Tick; also a large 
Painting representing 

932 Charles I. and his Queen, as Apollo and Diana, sitting 

in the Clouds ; the Duke of Buckingham under the 
figure of Mercury introduces to them the Arts and 
Sciences, while several Genii drive away Envy and 
Malice, by G. Honthorst. 

THE QUEEN'S GUARD CHAMBER. 

933 The Triumph of Bacchus, by Ciro Ferri. 

934 A Fruit Piece, by DeHeem. 

935 Interior of a Church, by Steenwych* 

936 A Portrait of Gentz,* by Sir T. Lawrence. 

937 Fair Rosamond ClifTord.f 

938 C. F. Abel,J an eminent musician and composer, by 

Robineau. 

* Gentz, a distinguished political writer, was born at Breslau 1764, 
and after a short sojourn in England, where he gained the good will of 
Pittj he repaired to Vienna in 1803, where he entered into the Austrian 
civil service, under the most favourable auspices. Here his skilful 
and facile pen was soon turned to account. His able manifestoes and 
pamphlets proved almost as formidable obstacles to the invasions of 
Napoleon as the combined forces that opposed him. He was appointed 
one of the secretaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and at Paris in 
1815, and he took an active part in the various congresses that sprung 
out of the restoration. 

f Fair Rosamond was the daughter of Walter de Clifford, Baron of 
Hereford. She was the favourite mistress of Henry II., who is re- 
ported to have secreted her in a labyrinth, at the palace of Wood- 
stock, where, according to some writers, she was discovered, and poi- 
soned by Eleanor, queen of that monarch ; but it seems more certain 
that she died in the nunnery of Godstow, in Oxfordshire. She had two 
sons by Henry : William, called Long-sword, and Jeffery, who became 
Archbishop of York. 

% Charles Frederick Abel, an eminent German musician, whose com- 
positions will be ever held in the highest estimation by the lovers of 
harmony, came to England about the year 1760. He excelled on the 
viol di gamba, a small six-stringed violoncello. The following anecdote 



80 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

939 Philip III. of Spain. 

940 The Murder of the Innocents, by Old Brueghel, 

941 An Incantation, by J. Bos. 

942 A Portrait of a Man in Armour, at the age of 72, the 

date 1617. 

943 A Portrait of a Youth at the age of 17, inscribed on the 

Picture "Genus et Genius, 1617 '." 

944 Mrs. Delany,* by Opie. 

945 A Portrait of a Lady. 

946 Duke of Gloucester, son of Queen Anne, by Kneller. 

947 John Locke,f by Sir G. Kneller. 

is related of him :— That being invited by the Earl of Sandwich, after 
dinner the merits of different musical instruments were canvassed, and 
his lordship proposed that each one should mention his favourite. One 
after another did so ; and harps, piano fortes, organs, clarionets, found 
numerous admirers ; but the indignant Abel heard not a word of the 
viol di gamba. He could no longer' restrain himself, but suddenly rose 
in great emotion, exclaiming, as he left the room, " O dere be brute in 
der world, dere be those who no love de king of all de instruments." 
He died June 20th, 1787. 

* Mrs. Delany was a very ingenious woman, and painted several 
pictures of great merit ; she also completed a Flora in a superior style, 
consisting of 980 plants ; this Portrait, and the Grapes, by M. A. 
Campidoglio, in this collection, were bequeathed by her to His Majesty 
George III. She was the daughter of Mr. Granville, married first to 
Mr. Pendavis, and secondly, in 1743, to Dr. Delany. Died in 1788. 

t John Locke, a celebrated philosopher, was born in 1632, and edu- 
cated at Christ Church, Oxford. After taking his degrees in Arts, he 
entered on the study of Physic, in which he made great proficiency. 
Lord Ashley, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, became his patron, and 
urged him to apply to the study of politics ; he followed his advice, 
and soon rendered himself serviceable to his Lordship and his party, 
who, having obtained the grant of Carolina, employed him in drawing up 
the constitution for the government of that province. Lord Shaftesbury, 
being made Lord Chancellor in 1672, made Mr. Locke Secretary of 
Presentations, which place he lost the year following, when his patron 
was deprived of the Great Seal. He continued his Secretaryship of the 
Board of Trade. In 1674, that commission was dissolved, and Mr. 
Locke being in an ill state of health went to Montpelier, and continued 
abroad till 1679, when he was sent for by Lord Shaftesbury, who was 
appointed President of the Council ; but, in 1682, that nobleman, to avoid 
a prosecution for high treason, withdrew to Holland, and was accompanied 
by his unalterable friend, Mr. Locke. In 1685 the English envoy de- 
manded him of the states of Holland, on suspicion of his being concerned 
in Monmouth's rebellion, which occasioned him to keep himself private 
several months, during which time he was employed in preparing for the 
press his " Essay on Human Understanding,'' which, however, was not 
published till after the Revolution, when he returned to England, and 
was made Commissioner of Appeals. In 1695, he was appointed one of 
the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, and he might have had 
other preferment, but the state of his health led him to decline the ad- 
vantageous offers that were made him. He spent the latter years of his 
life in Essex, devoting his time to study, particularly the Holy Scrip- 



THE QUEEN'S GUARD CHAMBER. 81 

948 The Burning of Rome, by Giulio Romano. 

949 The Assembly of the Gods, by B. Sprang her. 

950 The Earl of Moira, by J. Hoppner. 

951 The King of Oude receiving Tribute, by Home. 

952 Samson and Dalilah, by Vandyck. 

953 Mary de Medicis,* by Pourbus. 

954 A whole-length Portrait of a Child, with a wreath of 

flowers in her hand. 

955 Henry IV. of France, f by Pourbus. 

956 A Portrait of a Lady, in a large ruff. 

957 Sir I. Newton,+ by Sir G. Kneller. 

tures. In this retirement he also wrote several of his works, and died 
there in 1704. 

* Mary de Medicis, daughter of Francis II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
and wife of Henry IV., King of France, was horn at Florence, in 1573. 
On the death of her husband, in 1610, she was named Regent of the 
kingdom. She was a woman of great political intrigue, and of an un- 
bounded ambition. Differences arose between her and Louis, which 
were compromised by means of Richelieu, whom she introduced to the 
favour of that monarch. But afterwards a violent breach occurred be- 
tween her and the Cardinal, who was supported by the King. Mary was 
exiled to Brussels, and all her favourites, and even her physician, were 
either banished or sent to the Bastile. She died, in poverty, at Cologne, 
in 1642. Mary built the elegant palace called the Luxemburg, at Paris, 
and adorned that city with aqueducts and ornaments. 

t Henry IV., called the Great, King of France and Navarre, was born 
at Pau, the capital of Beam, in 1553. His father was Antony of Bour- 
bon, King of Navarre, and his mother Joan d'Albret. Being lineally 
descended from Louis IX. of France, he became the heir to that king- 
dom, but as he was educated a Protestant his claim was resisted. He 
early distinguished himself by feats of arms. After the peace of St. 
Germain, in 1570, he was taken to the French court, and two years 
afterwards married Margaret, sister of Charles IX. At the rejoicings 
on this occasion happened the infamous massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
In 1576 he left Paris, and put himself at the head of the Huguenots. 
In 1587 he gained the battle of Courtras. In 1572 he succeeded to the 
throne of Navarre, and in 1589 to that of France ; but his religion 
proving an obstacle against his coronation, he consented to abjure it, in 
1593. In 1595 he entered into a war with Spain, which lasted till 1598, 
after which his country enjoyed uninterrupted peace till his death. Henry 
granted to the Protestants the enjoyment of many important rights and 
privileges by the Edict of Nantes, and was more desirous of improving 
the condition of his people than of extending his frontier by foreign 
conquest. In 1599 he was divorced from Margaret de Valois, and in 
1600 married Mary de Medicis. His abjuration was very disagreeable to 
the Protestants, and did not prove quite satisfactory to the opposite 
party, who doubted his sincerity. His greatest enemies were the Jesuits, 
one of whose pupils wounded him in the mouth, in an attempt upon his 
life, which was finally taken away by Francis Ravaillac, May 14th, 1610. 
This monarch truly merited the name of Great ; for he loved his people, 
and his constant aim was to make them happy. 

X Sir Isaac Newton, the prince of philosophers, born at Woolsthorpe, 
in Lincolnshire, on Christmas Day, 1642. He made great discoveries in 

e3 



82 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

958 A Lady, with a fan of feathers in her hand. 

959 A Wild Boar Hunt, by Snyders. 

960 The Comic Muse, by J. Hoppner. 

961 Francis, Duke of Bedford, by 7. Hoppner. 

962 Virgin and Child, by Carlo Cignani. 

963 St. Jerome, by /. De Hemessen. 

964 The Marquis del Guasto, and Page, by Titian. 

965 A Portrait of P. del Vaga. 

966 A Portrait of Michael Angelo. 

967 A Portrait of Giulio Romano. 

968 A Sea Port, by Parcelles. 

969 A Portrait of Holbein. 

970 A Portrait of Tintoretto. 

971 A Portrait of Giacomo Bassano, by himself. 

972 A Portrait of Sir Peter Lely, by himself. 

973 Interior of a Hall, with Figures, by Van Helen. 

974 St. George and the fair Princess Cleodolinde, by Tin- 

tore t to. 

975 Virgin and Child, by Tintoretto. 

976 Christian VII. of Denmark. 

977 Charles XII.* of Sweden. 



Astronomy, Optics, and the Mathematics ; his private character was 
truly amiable, modest, and unassuming — he seemed ignorant that his 
genius raised him far beyond those who are generally classed as learned 
men. Sir Isaac lived under the governments of Charles I., the Common- 
wealth of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II., James II., William and Mary, 
Queen Anne, and George I. It is well known that William personally 
disliked him. Queen Anne valued him as the most eminent man breath- 
ing; but she did not deviate from the court routine to show her regard, 
and merely distinguished him by knighthood. This great man, rich in 
deeds and full of years, died, March 20th, 1726, at Richmond, after 
retaining the use of his faculties till within the last forty-eight hours of 
his life. His corpse was removed to the Jerusalem Chamber, and thence 
to Westminster Abbey ; the Chancellor, the Dukes of Montrose and 
Roxburgh, the Earls of Pembroke, Sussex, and Macclesfield, supporting 
the pall. In the abbey is an elegant monument with appropriate figures 
to his memory, executed by Rysback, with the following inscription : — 

" Here is deposited Sir Isaac Newton, Knight, who by the light of Ma- 
thematical learning, and a force of mind almost divine, first explained the 
motions and figures of the planets and planetary orbits ; the paths of the 
comets, the tides, and the ocean ; and discovered, what no one before had 
ever suspected, the difference of the rays of light, and the distinction of 
colours thence arising. He was a diligent, faithful, and penetrating in- 
terpreter of Nature, of Antiquity, and the Holy Scripture. By his phi- 
losophy he asserted the Majesty of God, the greatest and most glorious 
of all Beings ; and by his morals expressed the simplicity of the Gospel. 
Let mortals congratulate themselves, that there has been so great, so 
good a man, the glory of the human race." 

* Charles XII. was born in 1682, and from his childhood had an 
ambition to imitate Alexander the Great. He came to the throne at 
the age of fifteen, and at his coronation snatched the crown from the 



THE QUEEN S GUARD CHAMBER. S3 

978 Frederick II. of Prussia. 

979 The Triumph of Bacchus, Venus and Ariadne, by Ro- 

manelli, after Guido. 

980 The Queen of Frederick II. of Denmark. 

981 Cleopatra, by L. Caracci. 

982 Still Life, by Roestraeten. 

983 A Landscape with Cattle, by Swaneveldt. 

984 Mademoiselle de Clermont. 

985 Marianne, Duchess de Bourbon, daughter of the Prince 

de Conty. 



hands of the Archbishop of Upsal, and put it on himself. His youth 
presented a favourable opportunity to Russia, Denmark, and Poland, 
to form a confederacy against him. The young hero, undaunted at this 
alliance, attacked each in turn, beginning with Denmark, which pro- 
duced a peace with that power. In 1700 he obtained an astonishing 
victory over the Russians at Narva, and though his force consisted only 
of 8000, he attacked them in their entrenchments, slew 30,000, and took 
20,000 prisoners. His next enterprise was against Poland, and after 
several battles he dethroned Augustus, and placed Stanislaus upon the 
throne. Charles would have done prudently in contenting himself with 
the glory of these actions after the peace of 1706, but a portion of mad- 
ness entered into his character, and he formed the romantic resolution 
of humbling Peter the Great. He at first obtained some signal advan- 
tages, but at length experienced a terrible defeat at Pultowa, in 1709. 
Almost all his troops were either slain or taken prisoners ; he was 
wounded himself in the leg ; and was carried off in a litter. Charles 
sought an asylum in Turkey, where he was entertained by the Grand 
Seignior, who provided for him a residence at Bender, where his conduct 
was so violent that he was ordered to leave the Turkish territories, 
which he refused. On this the Grand Seignior directed that he should 
be forced away, but Charles with his retinue formed an encampment, 
and resisted the attack of the janizaries, till superiority of numbers 
obliged him to take shelter in his house, which he defended with great 
spirit, and did not yield till fire was set to the premises. He then 
sallied out sword in hand, but being entangled by his long spurs he fell, 
and was taken prisoner. He was treated with more respect than he 
deserved, and after being kept as a prisoner ten months, requested leave 
to return to his dominions, which was readily granted. His arrival 
diffused universal joy in his kingdom, though he found it in a wretched 
condition. In 1716 he invaded Norway, but after penetrating to Chris- 
tiana was obliged to return to Sweden. He resumed the attack in the 
winter of 1718, but was killed by a cannon-shot at the siege of Frede- 
rickshall, December 11, aged 36 years, having reigned 21. Charles was 
liberal, active, and firm, but rash, obstinate, and cruel. He was never 
intimidated even in the midst of the greatest dangers. At the battle of 
Narva he had several horses shot under him, and as he was mounting 
upon a fresh one, he said, " These people find me exercise." When he 
was besieged at Stralsund, a bomb fell into the house while he was dic- 
tating to his secretary, who immediately dropped the pen in a fright. 
u What is the matter?" said Charles. " Oh, the bomb 1" answered he, 
" The bomb ! " says the King ; " what have we to do with the bomb ? 
^o on." 



84 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

986 Madame Pompadour,* mistress of Louis XV., by Greuze: 

987 A Portrait of Raphael. 

988 The Holy Family, by F. Lauri. 

989 Cherries in a Dish, by Daniel Nes. 

990 Venus and Satyr, by Albano. 

991 View in the West Indies, by F. Post. 

992 Virgin and Child, by J. De Mabuse. 

993 Italian Peasants, by M. A. Battaglia. 

994 The Shepherds' Offering, by T. Zucchero. 

995 The Judgment of Paris, by L. Cranach. 

996 Worshipping the Host, by Bassano. 

997 Nymphs and Satyrs in a Landscape, by Poelembery. 

THE ANTE-ROOM. 

998 Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Knowles's Squadron attack- 

ing Port Louis in St. Domingo, March 8, 1748. 
999 A Dock-yard, by J. Cleveley. 

1000 Deptford Dock-yard, by R. Paton. 

1001 The Royal Yacht in a Storm, commemorating the inter- 

esting historical event of her late Majesty Queen 
Charlotte coming to England to be married to George 
III. in 1761. 

1002 Rear- Admiral Sir Charles Knowles's Action with a 

Spanish Squadron off the Havannah, in the Isle of 

Cuba, Oct. 1, 1748. 
1003, 1004 The Hull of the Royal Oak, Third Rate, 

74 Guns. 
1005, 1006 The Hull of the King Fisher, a Sloop, 14 Guns. 
1007, 1008 The Hull of the Enterprise, Sixth Rate, 28 Guns. 
1009, 1010 The Hull of the Sphynx, Sixth Bate, 20 Guns r 

by Marshall. 

THE QUEEN'S PRESENCE CHAMBER. 

1011 — 1014 Over the doors are four pictures representing 
George III. reviewing the Fleet at Portsmouth, by 
D. Serves. 

* Pompadour (Jane- Antoinette Poisson, Marchioness of), mistress 
of Louis XV., was the daughter of a corn-dealer, and the wife of Etiole, 
nephew of the Farmer-General Normand Tourneham. The King being 
hunting in the forest of Senar, on the borders of which Tourneham had 
an estate, had an opportunity purposely afforded him of seeing Madame 
Poisson, with whose charms he was immediately enamoured. She was 
created Marchioness of Pompadour in 1745, and acquired a complete 
ascendancy over the heart of Louis till her death, in 1764, at the age of 
44. She was a liberal encourager of the arts, and of men of genius. 
The Marchioness is stated in her memoirs to have had a considerable 
concern in the political affairs of her time particularly the war of 1756. 



THE QUEEN S PRESENCE CHAMBER. 00 

1015 A Sea Piece. 

1016 View of the Thames at Greenwich. 

1017 A Sea Piece, by Elliot. 

1018, 1019 The Hull of the Barfleur, Second Rate, 90 Guns. 
1020, 1021 The Hull of the Portland, Fourth Rate, 50 Guns, 
by Marshall. 

1022 View in St. James's Park, the Horse Guards, West- 

minster Abbey, &c, by James. 

1023 View on the Thames, comprising Old Somerset House 

and the Temple Gardens, by James. 

1024 View of the Thames at the Tower. 

1025 Blackwall, by J. T. Serres. 

1026 View of the Thames at the Temple. 

1027, 1028 The Hull of the Royal George, First Rate, 

100 Guns. 
1029, 1030 The Hull of the Intrepid, Third Rate, 64 Guns, 

by Marshall. 

1031 View on the Thames, the Savoy Palace, Old Somerset 

House, the New Church in the Strand, and St. 
Clement's, by James. 

1032 View on the Thames, comprising Westminster Bridge, 

the Hall and Abbey, Whitehall, Hungerford Stairs, 
Adelphi, and the Waterworks, by James. 

1033 A Sea Piece, by Elliot. 

1034 A Sea Piece. 

1035 A Sea Piece, by /. T. Serres. 

1036 Charles I. returning from Spain, by H. C. Vroom. 

1037 The Close of the Action of November 4, 1805, in which 

Sir Richard Strachan with 4 Ships of the Line and 
4 Frigates captured 4 French Ships of the Line ; the 
Hero, Captain Gardner, took a distinguished share in 
this Action, and suffered a greater loss of men than 
the other Ships, by Pocock. 

1038 The Commencement of Sir Robert Calder's Action, July 

22, 1805, at the time when the leading Ship, the 
Hero, Captain Gardner, had found herself on the clear- 
ing of the fog near the van of the combined fleet, which 
was composed of the Spanish division, which the Hero 
engaged. The Ajax, Triumph, and Barfleur are the 
other British ships represented, and the Sirius frigate 
which was fired at by the Espana, the 4th ship of the 
Spaniards, by Pocock. 

1039 A British Ship engaged with Three Spanish Vessels, by 

Vandevelde. 

1040 The Close of the same Action, by Vandevelde. 

1041 The Destruction of a Dutch Merchant Fleet and two 



86 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

Ships of War, and the Town of Bandaris on the Coast 
of Holland, by Admiral Sir R. Holmes, on the 29th 
of July, 1666, by Vandevelde. 

1042 The Battle of August, 1673, in which Prince Rupert 

commanded the French and English, the former of 
which kept out of the Action, and the brunt was born^ 
by Sir E. Spragge against Van Trump ; both were 
obliged to change their ships, and Spragge was 
drowned in a boat in doing so to change his flag to a 
fresh ship, by Vandevelde. 

1043 View on the Thames, Fleet Ditch, by James. 

j 044 View on the Thames, comprising Old London Bridge, 
Fishmongers' Hall, and the Monument, by James. 

1045 View on the Thames. 

1046 A Sea Piece, by D. Serres. 

1047 River in Holland, by Solomon Ruysdael. 

1048, 1049 The Hull of the Experiment, Fourth Rate, 50 
Guns, by Marshall. 

1050 An Action between a British ship and a Dutch fleet, by 

Vandevelde. 

1051 The Dock-yard at Portsmouth, by R. Paton. 

1052 Sir John Lawson,* by Sir P. Lely. 

1053 The Commencement of the Battle of Camperdown, 

" Lord Duncan's Victory." 

1054 An Action between the English and Dutch, by Vande- 

velde. 

1055 The Dock-yard at Sheerness, by R. Paton. 

1056 The Battle of Trafalgar, where Lord Nelson gloriously 

fell, October 21, 1805, by Huggins. On the 19th of 
October, 1805, the combined fleets ventured out of 
the port of Cadiz. On the memorable 21st, at day- 
break, they were distinctly visible from the deck of the 
Victory, formed in close line of battle, and consisted 
of 33 sail of the line, and 7 large frigates : 18 of the 
line of battle-ships were French, and 15 Spanish, 
under the command of Admiral Gravina (who died of 
his wounds), and Villeneuve (who was taken and sent 
to England). The British fleet consisted of 27 sail of 
the line, and 4 frigates : the conflict lasted four hours, 
when 19 of the enemy's line struck their colours 
and a 74-gun ship blew up. Of these prizes 4 only 

* Admiral Sir John Lawson, the son of a poor man at Hull, rose 
from the lowest station to the command of a -ship. He served the 
Parliament with great fidelity, but co-operated with George Monk, Duke 
of Albemarle, in effecting the Restoration, for which he received the 
thanks of both houses. He served under James, Duke of York, as 
Hear- Admiral, in 1G65, and was mortally wounded in the engagement 
with the Dutch fleet. 



THE QUEEN'S PRESENCE CHAMBER. 87 

were saved ; for a gale came on from the S. W. on the 
22nd, which threatened the safety of every vessel in 

the fleet, most of which were in a crippled state, and 
rendered it necessary to sink, burn, or destroy 14 of 
the prizes to prevent their falling into the hands of 

the enemy, if sent adrift ; 2 in the confusion escaped 

into Cadiz. 

1057 The Day after the Battle of Trafalgar, by Huggins. 

1058 The Close of the Action of Trafalgar, by Huggins, 
1059, 1060 The Hull of the Ambuscade, Fifth Rate, 32 

Guns, by Marshall. 

1061 An Action between English and Dutch, by Vandevelde. 

1062 The Dock-yard at Chatham, by R. Paton. 

1063 The Earl of Sandwich,* by Dobson. 

1064 The Battle of Camperdown — the Close of the Action, 

by /. T. Serres. 

1065 The British Fleet attacking the French Fleet in a Har- 

bour, by Vandevelde. 

1066 The Dock-yard at Woolwich, by R. Paton. 
1067, 1068 The Hull of a Vessel. 

1069, 1070 Views in Holland. 

1071 A Sea Engagement, by Parcelles. 

1072, 1073 Two Pictures, representing the Burning of the 
French Ships, Soleil Royal, Admirable, and Con- 
querant, by fire-ships and boats at La Hogue, May 
23, 1692, under the command of Sir G. Rooke and 
Sir R. Delavel, detached from Admiral Russell's fleet 
— and the destruction of seven more of the French 
Ships by the boats the following day. 

1074 The Burning of a Fleet in a Harbour, by Vandevelde. 

* Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, who shone in his public cha- 
racter as the general, the admiral, and the statesman, was, in private 
among his friends, the open, the candid, and benevolent man. He served 
Oliver Cromwell, whom he regarded as his sovereign, with the same 
fidelity as he served Charles II. He commanded the fleet that brought 
over the King at the Restoration, and was his Proxy when he married 
the Infanta of Portugal. One of the greatest battles ever fought with 
the Dutch, or any other enemy, was on the 3rd of June 1665, when 
this gallant officer bore with his squadron into the centre of the Dutch 
fleet, and presently threw it into that confusion which ended in victory. 
He was not only a man of merit in himself, but had also much of that 
Jcind of merit which endeared him to the sailors. His counsels did 
honour to the cabinet, which he never disgraced but once, and that was 
by advising the Dutch war, in which he lost his life. In the battle of 
Southwold Bay, after he had by his conduct rescued a great part of the 
fleet from the most imminent danger, and given at the same time the 
most astonishing proofs of his bravery, his ship was surrounded with 
flames. He thereupon leaped into the sea, where he unfortunately 
perished, on the 28th of May, 1672. 



88 GUIDE TO HAMPTOX COURT. 

1075 The Burning of a Fleet, by Vandevelde. 

1076 The Burning of a Fleet, by Vandevelde. 

1077 The English Fleet attacking the Dutch Fleet in a Har- 

bour, by Vandevelde. 

1078 Sea Piece, by Brooking. 

1079 View of Greenwich Hospital, Church, and Park, by 

James. 

1080 A Sea Piece, by Monamy. 

1081, 1082 Sea Pieces (sketches in black and white), by 
Vandevelde. 

1083 Sea Piece, a Calm, by Vandevelde. 

1084 A Portrait of a Gentleman. 

1085 A Portrait of Holbein, by himself. 

THE GREAT HALL. 

This splendid Gothic hall, designed by Wolsey, and finished 
by Henry VIII., when Anne Boleyn was in the height of 
favour, is one hundred and six feet long, forty wide, 
and sixty high ; the roof is very elaborately carved, and 
richly decorated with the arms and badges of Henry VIII., 
and strikes every eye with its magnificence, the grandeur of 
its proportions, and the propriety of its ornaments. 

It was used as a theatre during the reigns of Elizabeth and 
James I., and there is a tradition that some of the plays of 
the immortal Shakspeare were first acted in this hall ; it was 
fitted up as a theatre by George I. in 1718. It was intended 
that plays should have been acted there twice a week, during 
the summer season, by the King's company of comedians, who 
were commanded to attend for that purpose ; but the theatre 
was not ready till nearly the end of September, and only 
seven plays were performed in it that season. It was opened 
on the 23rd of September with the tragedy of Hamlet. On 
the 1st of October, Henry VIII., or the Fall of Wolsey, was 
represented on the very spot which had been the scene of 
his greatest splendour. The other plays were — Sir Courtly 
Nice, on the 6th ; The Constant Couple, on the 9th ; Love 
for Money, on the 13th ; Volpone, or the Fox, on the 16th ; 
and Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, on the 23rd. The King 
paid the charges of the house, and the travelling expenses of 
the actors, amounting in the whole to £50 a night ; besides 
which, he made a present of £200 to the managers for their 
trouble. It was never used afterwards, except for one play, 
performed on the 16th of October, 1731, for the entertainment 
of the Duke of Lorraine, afterwards Emperor of Germany. 

In 1829, the parish of Hampton obtained permission of 
George IV. to fit it up for Divine Service during the rebuild- 



THE GREAT HALL. 89 

ing of Hampton Church, and it was used as the Parish Church 
for about two years. 

The walls are hung with a fine specimen of arras tapestry, 
in eight compartments, the arabesque borders of which are 
most beautiful — the subject, the History of Abraham. 

The first represents God appearing to Abraham, and 
blessing him. 

The second, the birth of Isaac, the circumcision of Isaac, 
and the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael. 

The third, Abraham sending his servant to seek a wife for 
his son Isaac. 

The fourth, the Egyptians sending away Abraham and 
Sarah with gifts. 

The fifth, Abraham entertaining three Angels. 

The sixth, Abraham purchasing the cave of Machpelah for 
a burying place. 

The seventh, Abraham and Lot parting. 

The eighth, Abraham offering up Isaac. 

The design is German or Flemish, and very probably by 
Bernard Van Orlay, born at Brussels, who went to Rome 
when very young, and became a disciple of the illustrious 
Raphael. 

The tapestry at the entrance of the hall is of a much 
earlier date, the design of the school of Albert Durer, and is 
in excellent preservation. The subject, Justice and Mercy 
pleading before Kings or Judges ; the inscriptions are in 
Latin, and in the ancient church text. The translation runs 
thus : — Lewdness or wickedness, before it acquires a character 
from habit, merits the interference of justice and mercy. — By 
justice guilt is menaced with punishment, but by mercy is 
made intercession. — When blessed fortitude appears in the 
field, sin always is vanquished. — Sin is everlastingly punished 
in torment by the Virtues, and it never dies. — Sin was the 
enemy of the first man ; it became deadly and unpardonable. 
— The seven deadly sins, as they are licentiously produced 
in the world, are here allegorically portrayed. 

On the top of the screen are five pieces of tapestry ; the 
three centre pieces are the arms of Cardinal Wolsey, and one 
at each end representing the arms of Henry VIII. 

Also small whole-length portraits of Queen Jane Seymour, 
Henry VIII., Cardinal Wolsey, and Queen Elizabeth. 

Around the hall are stags' heads carved in wood, with very 
fine antlers of the red deer and the elk, above which are 
banners displaying the arms and badges of Wolsey, and the 
different offices which he held under the Crown. 

At the west end of the Hall, over the gallery, is a group of 
armour, halberts, pikes, and banners. 



90 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

The stained glass window, by Mr. Willement. In the 
centre, a whole-length portrait of Henry VIII., and the com- 
partments on each side representing the arms and mottoes of 
his six Queens; the lower compartments the arms of Edward 
VI., Philip and Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, with the Tudor 
rose, portcullis, and fleur-de-lis. 

In the two small windows within the gable are the arms of 
the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. 

The arms of the Lord Thomas Docra, Prior of the Order, 
who sold the Manor of Hampton to Cardinal Wolsey. 

The arms of the See of York. 

The private arms of Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal, and Arch- 
bishop of York. 

At the upper or east end over the door a carved stone 
bracket, inscribed " Seynt George for Merrie England," on 
which stands our patron Saint in armour, vanquishing the 
Dragon, composed of swords and ramrods. On each side, 
standing on a corbel, a whole-length figure clothed in armour 
of the time of Queen Elizabeth and Charles I. 

The upper windows at the east end are the arms of the 
kingdom of France ; the arms of the kingdom of England; 
the arms of the lordship of Ireland; and the arms of the 
principality of Wales. 

The great window, with fourteen compartments — in the 
centre of the upper part is a half-length portrait of Henry 
VIII., holding the sceptre and sword, under which are his 
arms, surmounted by the red and white rose. The compart- 
ments on the left side are, the arms of Henry VII., and his 
badge the red dragon ; the arms of Margaret, Countess of 
Richmond ; the arms of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, 
and his badge and portcullis. On the right are the arms of 
Elizabeth of York ; the arms of King Edward IV. ; the arms 
of Richard, Duke of York. In the lower compartments are 
the White Greyhound of the House of Lancaster, supporting 
a banner charged with a Portcullis ; the arms of John Beau- 
fort, Earl of Somerset ; the arms of John, Duke of Lancaster ; 
the arms of King Edward III. ; the arms of Edmond, Duke 
of York ; the arms of Richard, Earl of Cambridge ; the White 
Lion of the House of York, supporting a banner charged with 
a Falcon within an open Fetterlock. 

At the upper end of the south side is a large oriel window, 
very much admired for its fine carved Gothic canopy of 
beautiful tracery; the compartments of this window are of 
stained glass, the upper part containing the initials H. R., 
Tudor badges of the fleur-de-lis, rose, and portcullis ; and 
obliquely across the window is the motto, " Dieu et mon 
Droit ;" the arms of Henry VIII., a lion supporting a banner ; 



THE GREAT HALL. 91 

also, the arms of Queen Jane Seymour, an. unicorn with a 
collar of daisies, supporting a banner charged with wings ; her 
cyphers, J. R., and motto, " Bownd to obey and serve." 
The lower compartments contain the arms of the Sees of York, 
Durham, Lincoln, "Winchester, Bath and Wells ; the arms 
of Cardinal Wolsey ; his initials, T. W., and motto, " Dominvs 
Mihi Adivtor," under which is the following inscription : — 
•' The Lord Thomas Wvlsey, Cardinal, legat de latere, 
Archbishop of Yorke, and Chancelor of Englande." 

The windows on the North and South sides have been 
filled with stained glass, by Mr. Willement, and bear the 
date 1846, the subjects are the armorial pedigrees of the 
six wives of King Henry the Eighth. 

The first window describes the initials, arms, and badges 
of Queen Katharine of Arragon, also mottoes and arms, 
showing her descent from King Edward I., the mottoes are in old 
English, and in separate scrolls, having reference to the various 
coats of arms, commencing on the left side of the lower com- 
partment of the window, and terminating on the right, viz : — 

" Katharine of Arragon, 1 st wife of King Henry y e Eighth, 
her pedigree from King Edward y e First, and his 1 st wife 
Eleanor of Castile. — King Edward y e First, married 1 st 
Eleanor of Castile. — King Edward y e Second married Isabell 
of France. — King Edward y e Third married Philippa Pamaula. 
— John, Duke of Lancaster, married Blanch Plantagenet. — 
John, Grand Master of Avis, married Philippa of Lancaster. — 
John, Prince of Portugal, married Isabel of Braganza. — 
John, King of Leon, married Isabel of Portugal. — Ferdinand, 
King of Spain, married Isabel of Leon." 

The third window describes the arms, badges, and initials 
of Queen Anne Bullen, also mottoes and arms surrounded by- 
branches of rich foliage, the root springing from the arms of 
King Edward the First, showing her descent from that King ; 
the mottoes commence in the centre of the lowest compart- 
ment of the window, and are as follows : — 

"Anne Bullen, 2 nd wife of King Henry y e Eighth, her 
pedigree from King Edward y e First, and his 2 nd wife, 
Margaret of France. — King Edward y e First married 2 nd 
Margaret of France. — Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, married 
Alice Halys. — John, Lord Segrave, married Margaret de 
Brotherton. — John, Lord Newbray, married Elizabeth 
Segrave. — Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, married Elizabeth 
Fitzalan. — Syr Robert Howard married Margaret Mowbray, 
— John, Duke of Norfolk, married Katharine Molyns. — 
Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, married Elizabeth Tylney. — 
Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire, married Elizabeth Howard. — 
Anne Bullen, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire." 



92 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

The fifth window describes the initials, badges, and arms of 
Queen Jane Seymour, the mottoes commence on the left side 
of the lower compartment, and have reference to the various 
coats of arms showing her descent from King Edward the 
First, vis : — 

"Jane Seymour, 3 rd wife of King Henry y e Eighth,herpedigree 
from King Edward y e First, and his 1 st wife, Eleanor of Cas- 
tile. — King Edward y e First married 1 st Eleanor of Castile. — 
King Edward y e Second married Isabel of France. — King 
Edward y c Third married Philippa of Pamaula. — Lionel, Duke 
of Clarence, married Elizabeth Burgh. — Edmond, Earl of 
March, married Philippa of Clarence. — Henry, Lord Percy, 
married Elizabeth Mortimor. — John, Lord Clifford, married 
Elizabeth Percy. — Syr Philip Wentworth married Mary 
Clifford. — Syr Henry Wentworth married Anne Say. — Syr 
John Seymour married Margaret Wentworth." 

The eighth window (on the north side of the Hall) and op- 
posite the last described are the arms, initials, and badges of 
Anne of Cleves, showing her descent from King Edward the 
First ; the mottoes are — 

" Anne of Cleves, 4 th wife of King Henry y e Eighth, her 
pedigree from King Edward y e First and his 1 st wife, Eleanor 
of Castile. — King Edward y e First married 1 st Eleanor of 
Castile. — John, Duke of Brabant, married Margaret Planta- 
genet. — John, Duke of Brabant, married Margaret of France. 
— Lewis, Count of Flanders, married Margaret of Brabant. — 
Phillip, Duke of Burgundy, married Margaret of Flanders. — 
John, Duke of Burgundy, married Margaret of Bavaria. — 
Adolphus of Cleve married Mary of Burgundy. — John, Duke 
of Cleve, married Elizabeth of Hevers. — John, Duke of Cleve, 
married Maud of Helse. — John, Duke of Cleve, married 
Mary of Juliers." 

The tenth window describes the initials, arms, and badges 
of Katharine Howard, showing her descent from King Edward 
the First ; the mottoes are — 

" Katharine Howard, 5 th wife of King Henry y 8 Eighth, 
her pedigree from King Edward y e First, and his second wife 
Margaret of France. — King Edward y e First married 2 
Margaret of France. — Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, married 
Alice Halys. — John, Lord Segrave, married Margaret de 
Brotherton. — John, Lord Mowbray, married Elizabeth Se- 
grave. — Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, married Elizabeth Fitz- 
Slan. — Syr Robert Howard married Margaret Mowbray. — 
John, Duke of Norfolk, married Katharine Molyns. — Thomas, 
Duke of Norfolk, married Elizabeth Tylney. — Lord Edmond 
Howard married Joyce Colepeper. — Katharine, daughter of 
Lord Edmund Howard." 



ai 



THE WITHDRAWING ROOM. 93 

The twelfth window describes the arms, initials, and badges 
of Katharine Parr, showing her descent from King Edward 
the First : the mottoes are — 

" Katharine Parr, 6 th wife of Henry y e Eighth, her pedi- 
gree from King Edward the First and his l 8t wife, Eleanor of 
Castile. — King Edward y e First married 1 st Eleanor of Castile. 
— King Edward y e Second married Isabel of France. — King 
Edward y e Third married Philippa of Hainault. — John, Duke 
of Lancaster, married Katharine Roet. — Ralph, Earl of 
Westmoreland, married Joanne Beaufort. — Richard, Earl of 
Salisbury, married Alice Montacute. — Henry, LordFitzhugh, 
married Alice Nevel. — Syr William Parr married Elizabeth 
Fitzhugh. — Syr Thomas Parr married Maud Green. — Katha- 
rine, daughter of Syr Thomas Parr." 

The alternate windows, seven in number, contain the 
heraldic badges of Henry VIII., — the Lion, the Portcullis, 
the Fleur de Lis, the Tudor Rose, the Red Dragon of the 
House of York, the White Greyhound of the House of Lan- 
caster : and obliquely across the windows are the cyphers 
H. R., also the mottoes "Dieu et mon droit/' and ?' Dne 
salvvm fac Reg." (God save the King). 

THE WITHDRAWING ROOM. 

The ceiling is decorated with pendant ornaments, between 
which are the cognizances of the fleur-de-lis, the rose, port- 
cullis, and other badges. 

A model of a palace, the residence of his highness the Nabob 
Nazin, at Moorshedabad, in Bengal, designed by Major- 
General McLeod, of the Bengal Engineers. 

The walls of this room are covered with tapestry, in seven 
compartments; they are much injured by time, but the 
drawing is extremely good, the costume curious, and very 
interesting to the antiquarian ; the subjects are — 

The north, or upper end of the room, represents Fame 
seated on a car drawn by elephants, and attended by War- 
riors, and a car drawn by four flying horses, with a figure of 
Time standing, Fame seated in front; over these are the signs 
of the Zodiac and the Hours in swift flight. 

The second compartment represents three Queens seated 
on thrones, with sceptres in their hands; behind are a range 
of windows, whence many male and female attendants look 
upon the scene ; there are musicians and others dressed in 
rich costume. The attention of the principal figures is di- 
rected to the female offering the cup, and very probably re- 
presents the Triumph of Virtue. 

The third compartment is the Influence of Destiny, which 
is represented by the figures of the Three Fates : — Clotho, 



94 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

the youngest of the sisters, presided over the moment in which 
we are born, and held a distaff in her hand ; Lachesis spun 
out all the events and actions of our life ; and Atropos, the 
eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair 
of scissors. The first part exhibits Chastity on a car drawn 
by four unicorns, and attacked by the Fates riding on bulls, 
Atropos throwing the fatal dart; by the side of the car is 
Lucretia, with her train held by a person who offers to her 
the knife with which she destroyed herself, and the Roman 
hero Scipio is on horseback, a man in armour on foot bears 
two clubs and a spear ; Venus is being trampled under foot 
by the unicorns. The second part describes the Triumph of 
the Fates, with Chastity recumbent at their feet, and multi- 
tudes of men and women sinking under their influence. 

The fourth, compartment is a continuation of the same sub- 
ject ; the car of Atropos is still driving over the bodies of 
men and women, but at the sound of the trumpet of Fame, 
Atropos falls from her throne, her power is destroyed, and a 
host of ancient heroes of Greece and Rome appears. The 
second part represents Fame standing on a car drawn by 
elephants, Atropos at her feet, surrounded by a multitude of 
warriors. 

The fifth compartment represents the Death of Hercules. 

The sixth compartment represents Peace and War. 

The seventh compartment is a duplicate of the third subject. 

Above the tapestry are seven very fine Cartoons, painted 
in chiaro-oscuro, by Carlo Cignani. 

1086 The first, Cupid riding on an Eagle. 

1087 The second, The Triumph of Venus. 

1088 The third, Cupid with a Torch. 

1089 The fourth, Apollo and Daphne. 

1090 The fifth, Jupiter and Europa. 

1091 The sixth, The Triumph of Bacchus, Venus, and Ariadne. 

1092 The seventh, Cupid and a Satyr. 

1093 In the centre of a fine carved oak mantel-piece is a 

portrait of Cardinal Wolsey. 

The fine oriel window is enriched with stained glass. In 
the centre of the upper part, a whole-length portrait of 
Cardinal Wolsey, with his motto, initials, &c. The second 
compartment contains a small portrait of Henry VIII., his 
badges, &c. The third, the arms of Henry VIII., the griffin sup- 
porting the portcullis, and the lion the Tudor rose — the tower, 
the arms of Wolsey, and the several bishoprics that he held, 
viz., Durham, Bath and Wells, Winchester, Lincoln, and York. 

Venus recumbent, sculptured in marble. 

This closes the tour of apartments open to the public, and 
the Visitor, on quitting this room, will return through the 
Queen's staircase into the fountain court. Over the win- 



THE GARDENS. 95 

dows on the south side, at a considerable height, are the 
twelve Labours of Hercules, painted in fresco, by Laguerre, 
and still in good condition. At the upper end of this court is 
an opening which leads to 

THE GARDENS. 

The public gardens are separated by an iron fence from 
what is called the Home Park ; and the walks in the Gar- 
dens, Wilderness, and Palace are about three miles in extent. 
The Palace itself occupies eight acres of ground. The great 
eastern front of the building is of brick of a bright red hue, 
but the numerous decorations are of stone. Four fluted 
three-quarter columns, of the Corinthian order, sustain an 
angular pediment, on which are sculptured in bas-relief the 
triumphs of Hercules over Envy. We are now at the entrance 
by the east front, which at once opens upon the public Gar- 
dens, and from which you have a view of the Home Park, 
and its avenues of elm and lime trees, reaching in a straight 
line to the banks of the Thames and Kingston, with a lake or 
canal of water in the centre, nearly three quarters of a mile 
in length. The Gardens and Park were put into their present 
form by Messrs. Loudon and Wise, gardeners to the King and 
Queen — men no doubt eminent in their day, but at a period 
when the French taste was paramount, and which, introduced 
by Le Notre, became not only the fashion in England, but 
all over the Continent. For many years, in these Gardens, the 
shears were applied to the lovely wildness of form with which 
Nature has distinguished each various species of tree and 
shrub. The compass and square were of more use in planta- 
tions than the nurseryman, and the hollies and yews were 
formed into peacocks, and other shapes of birds and animals ; 
for even after the death of William and Mary, Queen Anne 
" in trim gardens took her pleasure." Along this front of the 
Palace there is a broad gravel walk, leading down on the right 
to the banks of the Thames, and on the left to a gate, called 
the Flowerpot Gate, which opens on the Kingston Road. At 
the right-hand corner of the east front, there is a door which 
opens into the Private Garden, where there are two green- 
houses, with a few rare plants, the remains of Queen Mary's* 
botanical collection, and some large orange trees, many of 
them in full bearing ; but the greatest curiosity here is the 
large vine, certainly the largest vine in Europe, if not in the 
world. The house is seventy-two feet long, and the breadth 
on the rafters thirty. The large vine is above one hundred 

* Queen Mary appointed Dr. Leonard Plukenet, an eminent English 
botanist, as superintendent of the Gardens at Hampton Court : he pub- 
lished several works on botany, and died about 1706. 



96 GUIDE TO HAMPTON COURT. 

and ten feet long ; at three feet from the ground the stem is 
nearly thirty inches in circumference; it is of the black 
Hamburgh grape, and the quantity it bears in some seasons 
exceeds two thousand five hundred bunches. Having seen 
the green-houses and the vine, there is a pleasant walk down 
to the Thames, and then returning by the shadowy avenue, 
where the branching linden or lime trees defend you from the 
noon-day sun, we arrive at the fountain and oval basin, 
which contains some very fine gold and silver fish, and have 
a full view of the east front with its embellishments. After 
passing the Palace, we come to the Royal Tennis-court, said 
to be the finest in England. On passing the Tennis-court, 
we come to a door which leads into what is called the Wil- 
derness, a space of ground that was planted with trees and 
shrubs by King William III., so as to hide the buildings and 
irregularities of the northern side of the Palace. The walks 
in the wilderness are very delightful, and seats are placed 
under some of the largest trees, and in the avenues. But the 
great attraction here is the Maze or Labyrinth, which was 
formed in the early part of King William's reign. Many 
hours are spent by young persons, aye, and by the old too, 
in trying to discover the intricacies of the labyrinth. To the 
young, indeed, it is a source of great amusement and enjoy- 
ment. We will, courteous stranger, conduct you through 
the magnificent Lion Gate. This handsome entrance is de- 
signed in a bold and elegant style. The large stone piers of 
the gates are richly decorated ; their cornices supported by 
fluted columns, and surmounted by two stupendous lions, 
couchant. The ornamental iron work is elaborately executed. 
We are now opposite Bushy Park gates, and have a view 
of the fine avenue of horse-chesnut and lime trees, more 
than a mile in length ; the statue of Diana maybe seen in the 
centre of an oval piece of water surrounded by small figures, 
all of bronze ; at the end of the avenue, near the Teddington 
Gate on the left hand, is the residence of the Ranger. We now 
leave you to stroll about the Park, and bid you farewell. 



CONVEYANCES TO HAMPTON COURT. 

Omnibuses leave St. Paul's Churchyard ; Bolt-in-Tun, Fleet Street ; and the White 
Horse Cellar, Piccadilly, every Morning, for Hampton Court. 



Every facility that can be desired by the Public, to view this Palace, is now afforded 
by the Branch Line from the South Western Railway to Hampton Court Bridge; the 
journey from London is performed in about forty minutes. Trains run to and fro 
several times in the day. On Sundays there is also a good service of Trains. Any 
information can be had by applying at the Waterloo Station ; or to the Station 
Master, Hampton Court. 



William Stevens, Printer, 37, Bell Yard, Temple Bar. 



/yvw* fctfyc*^ 



THE 



STRANGER'S GUIDE 



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